Promastigotes

Licochalcone (50) is a natural product that is isolated from the roots of Chinese liquorice and is reported to have antileishmanial activity [49]. A series of chromene-substituted chalcones related to licochalcone have been reported to have antileishmanial activity [50]. Compound 51 was reported to have an IC50 of 1.2 pM against Leishmania major promastigotes versus meglumine antimoniate (IC50 =30 pM). Various compounds related to 51 have potent antileishmanial activity (IC50 < 3 pM) with potency similar to 51, but they did not show cytotoxicity. 

Mbongo N, et al. Mechanism of amphotericin B resistance in Leishmania donovani promastigotes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998 42 352. 

Kapil, A. 1993. Piperine A potent inhibitor of Leishmania donovani promastigotes in vitro. Planta Medica, 59 474. 

Aloe vera gel enhanced the antiacne properties of Ocimum gratissimum L. oil the oil or its combination with Aloe vera gel was more effective than 1% clindamycin in the treatment oiAcne vulgaris [399]. Linalool-rich EO was potent against promastigotes and amastigotes oiLeishmania amazonensis [400]. 

The intracellular levels of short- and long-chain PolyPs were measured by means of polyphosphate glucokinase assay in Leishmania major promastigotes incubated in a... 

Leishmania major promastigotes contain electron-dense vacuoles (LeFurgey et al.,... 

J. J. Blum (1989). Changes in orthophosphate, pyrophosphate and long-chain polyphosphate levels in Leishmania major promastigotes incubated with and without glucose. J. Protozool., 36, 254-257. 

In protozoa, e. g., Leishmania and Trypanosoma, glycolipids have been identified that possess a GPI anchor (see Chap. 7.4) [74]. Characteristic for Leishmania is lipophosphogly-can [74,75,76,77] which covers the entire surface of the promastigote. The molecule can be divided in four regions, i. e., lipid anchor, core region, repeating units, and cap, the last of which vary in different species. 

Podocalyx loranthoides Klotzseh (leaves and stems) Podoearpusflavone A (6) putraflavone (10). Antiprotozoal activity against Leishmania mexicana promastigotes. Suarez et al., 2003[69] Diaz et al.,2007[318]. 

The antimicrobial effects of licorice may extend beyond antiviral activity. Licochalcone A, a flavonoid component of licorice found in alcoholic root extracts, has been found to inhibit the growth of Leishmania major and Leishmania donovani promastigotes and amastigotes in vitro (Chen et al., 1993). Licochalcone A appears to elicit its toxic effects upon the protozoal mitochondria in concentrations that do not harm human leukocytes. 

Talamas-Rohana P, Wright SD, Lennartz MR, Russell DG (1990) Lipophosphoglycan from Leishmania mexicana promastigotes binds to members of the CR3, p 150,95 and LFA-1 family of leukocyte integrals. J Immunol 144 4817—4824... 

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