Proliferation, cell hypertrophy

Nanomolar concentrations of OTA resulted in the stable and irreversible dedifferentiation of MDCK-C7 cells, characterized by a distinct morphology as compared to the parent cell line (spindle-shape, pleiomor-phic, narrow intercellular spaces, increased cell size), a reduced proliferation rate and numerical chromosomal aberrations [202]. Further studies could demonstrate that OTA exposure resulted in apoptosis, which was associated with induced c-jun amino-terminal-kinase (JNK) activation [203]. Long term exposure (14 days) of human proximal tubular cells to nanomolar concentrations of OTA under serum free conditions led to cell hypertrophy, NF-kappaB activation, fibronectin secre-... 

The accumulation of PrP and PrP amyloid in the central nervous system is accompanied by activation of microglial cells, hypertrophy, and proliferation of astrocytes and degeneration of neurons leading to... 

The decrease of T4 concentration with the increased thyroid weight and enhanced thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy [28, 29] was induced by an increased activity of a liver enzyme (UDPG-transferase) involved in peroxisome proliferation [33, 35, 36]. This mechanism is also specific to rodents. Therefore, thyroidal effects that were observed in the studies in rats and mice are considered unlikely to be relevant to human health. 

Angiotensin-II AT, Human cDNA Artherosderosis, cardiac hypertrophy, congestive heart failure, hypertension, myocardial infarction, renal disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity, glaucoma, cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer s disease, Parkinson s disease Smooth muscle contraction, cell proliferation and migration, aldosterone and ADH release, central and peripheral sympathetic stimulation, extracellular matrix formation, tubular sodium retention, neuroprotection... 

Growth of cells comprises their hyperplasia (proliferation), i.e. increase in cell number, and hypertrophy, manifested by the increase in cell volume and protein content, which is often associated with the increase in the DNA content... 

Refractory species such as guinea pig seem to have fewer PPARa receptors in the liver, and observations suggest there are significant differences between rodents and humans in a number of aspects of the response. Recent studies in cynomologous monkeys treated with ciprofibrate have detected peroxisomal proliferation but only found slight changes in certain parameters [e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) induction for acyl CoA oxidase] of minimal oxidative stress, and despite hypertrophy, cell proliferation was not detected. 

One possible mechanism responsible for the ability of trenbolone acetate to stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy may be through enhanced proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells as the result of increased sensitivity to insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1) and fibroblast growth factor (43). 

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