Program problem areas

All of these methods have been utilized to solve nonlinear programming problems in the field of chemical engineering design and operations (Lasdon and Waren, Oper. Res., 5, 34, 1980). Nonlinear programming is receiving increased usage in the area of real-time optimization. 

As mentioned, nonattainment areas will have to implement different control measures, depending on their classification. Marginal areas, for example, are the closest to meeting the standard. They will be required to conduct an inventory of their ozone-causing emissions and institute a permit program. Nonattainment areas with more serious air quality problems must implement various control measures. The worse the air quality, the more controls areas will have to implement. 

In subsequent sections the application of PIFs to various aspects of error reduction will be described. One of the most important of these applications is the use of comprehensive lists of PIFs as a means of auditing an existing plant to identify problem areas that will give rise to increased error potential. This is one aspect of the proactive approach to error reduction that forms a major theme of this book. This application of PIFs can be used by process workers as part of a participative error reduction program. This is an important feature of the human factors assessment methodology (HFAM) approach discussed in Section 2.7. 

The main output from this stage is a detailed assessment of the human error problem areas. If possible this should include quantitative data on the incidence of errors and the significance of their consequences. This will provide a valuable baseline against which to evaluate the success of the error management program. 

Four courses of action now seem warranted. First, toxic mercurials in agriculture and industry should be replaced by less toxic substitutes. Second, controls should be applied at the point of origin to prevent the discharge of potentially harmful mercury wastes. Third, continued periodic monitoring of mercury in fish and wildlife is needed for identification of potential problem areas, and for evaluation of ongoing mercury curtailment programs. And fourth, additional research is merited on mechanisms of mercury accumulation and detoxification in comparatively pristine ecosystems. 

Constrained nonlinear programming problems abound in a very large number of science and engineering areas such as chemical process design, synthesis and control facility location network design electronic circuit design and thermodynamics of atomic/molecular clusters. 

All forensic scientists are encouraged to maintain an active interest in the programs of the Institute and to bring critical problem areas and new concepts for research to its attention. 

At that stage of SMP development the identification of problem areas was done through -expert evaluations by leading experts of Minatom, Russian Academy of Sciences and other agencies and enterprises involved and -analysis of work progress imder main areas and tasks which solution is required to implement the program of complex decommissioning of NS, NPSS, MV and environmental rehabilitation of radiation hazardous coastal facilities. 

Quality control of acellular pertussis vaccines presents particular problems related to the various methods used for preparation of the active components, the different compositions of the final formulations, and different amounts of antigen. Researchers in the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control in the UK have presented a strategy capable of addressing the key problem areas likely to be encountered with all existing types of acellular pertussis vaccines and combinations (2). Their proposal could be considered as a starting point for improvement of quality control programs for these vaccines. 

---