Progesterone chemistry

Fig. 17. Chromatographic confirmation of the imprinting effect. Applying (top) polymer ( anti-1 MIP ) imprinted with 11-a-hydroxyprogesterone ( T ),and (bottom) polymer ( anti-9 MIP ) imprinted with 11-deoxycortisol ( 9 ). Component 4 progesterone. Reprinted with permission from Ye L, Yu Y, Mosbach K (2001) Analyst 126 (Advance Article). Copyright 2001 The Royal Society of Chemistry... 

Here is one final triumph for Adolph Butenandt. He was the first to isolate progesterone this in 1934. For his accomplishments, he shared the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1939. However, the Nazi regime prevented him from accepting the award. He was finally able to do so in 1949. 

While this chapter was being edited and revised, new data appeared on the chemistry of 1,3-oxazine derivatives. In a recent review on the applications of 1,3-amino alcohols in asymmetric organic syntheses, the use of numerous 1,3-oxazine derivatives for this purpose was discussed <2007CRV767>. A compilation on the progesterone receptor ligands provides a brief summary of the progesterone receptor modulatory effects of 6-aryl-l,4-dihydro-3,l-benzoxazin-2-ones <2007MI374>. 

Fig. 6 YOUDEN diagram and test kit related evaluation of ring trial results for progesterone analysis in serum conducted by the German Society of Clinical Chemistry (DGKC)...

Kirley, T.L., Spargue, E.D. and Halsall, H.B. (1982) The binding of spin-labeled propranolol and spin labeled progesterone by orosomucoid. Biophysical Chemistry 15,209-216. 

Lee, J., Burdette, J.E., MacRenaris, K.W., et al. (2007) Rational design, syndiesis, and biological evaluation of progesterone-modified MRI contrast agents. Chemistry and Biology, 14, 824—834. 

Demetriou J. Progesterone. In Pesce A, Kaplan L, eds. Methods in clinical chemistry. St Louis CV Mosby Co, 1987 253-7. 

One of the most important placental hormones is CG. CG stimulates the ovary to produce progesterone which, in turn, prevents menstruation thereby protecting the pregnancy. The chemistry, biochemistry, and methods for CG are discussed in the section on laboratory tests later m this chapter. 

Fritzemeier, K.H. and Chwalisz, K. (2000) Synthesis and biological activity of a novel, highly potent progesterone receptor antagonist Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 43, 5010-5016. 

McDonnell, D.P. and Goldman, M.E. (1994) RU486 exerts antiestrogenic activities through a novel progesterone receptor A form-mediated mechanism. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269, 11945-11949. 

At present, this suggested nucleus of methods and equipment seems to be the optimum mix for a small steroid division within a routine department of clinical chemistry. A further step into GLC or doubleisotope methods should be taken only if an addition to the group of at least one professional and two technicians is contemplated. This holds independently of capital cost. A reasonable range of GLC methods needs the full-time service of at least this number of staff. Even then, this step should be taken with caution and after a careful assessment of the real return. Thus if we consider the, by and large, excellent electron-cap-ture-GLC method of van der Molen and Groen (V2), the two extra technicians could achieve 40 determinations of plasma testosterone and progesterone per week. (No time allowed for technical backup work.) The same two technicians using Johansson s rapid modification (J4)... 

The DCC assay is currently the most popular method for evaluating estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor because it is simple, inexpensive, sensitive, and accurate and because several samples can be processed simultaneously. This is the method that was in use in the Department of Clinical Chemistry at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center from 1973 through 1990. We have replaced this method with a quantitative immunochemical method (ElA) from the Abbott Laboratories (North Chicago, IL). 

The scope of clinical chemistry continues to broaden. Accordingly, the Editors have included chapters on cytokines and on human leukocyte antigen and transplantation in this volume. Additionally, chapters on estrogen and progesterone receptors and on glutathione 5-transferases are included. Chemiluminescence is presented in a chapter covering the theoretical and practical aspects of this field. 

It will be noted that stigmasterol also represents a commercial route to progesterone. This abundant plant sterol that is readily available from soybean with its C22-C23 double bond, easily converts to progesterone in four steps and has therefore become a preferred substrate for various steroidal drugs. Cholesterol itself, which is the natural substrate for all mammalian steroid hormones, and is readily available from various sources (e.g., wool grease), is now also convertible to desirable steroid intermediates utilizing biotransforma-tion chemistry. The same is true of P-sitosterol (Chapter 11), which is another plant sterol available from soybean. 

Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt (1903-1995) was born in Germany. He shared the 1939 Nobel Prize in chemistry (withRuzicka seep. 14 for isolating and determining me structures of estrone, androsterone, and progesterone. Forced by the Nazi government to refuse the prize, he accepted it after World War II. He was the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin and later was a professor at the Universities of Tubingen and Munich. 

Ferry, J. D., S. Collins, and E. Sykes. 1999. Effect of serum volume and time of exposure to gel barrier tubes on results for progesterone by Roche Diagnostics Elecsys 2010. Clinical Chemistry 45 1574-1575. 

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