PRODUCTS UTILIZING NITROGEN

Nitrogen does not unite easily with other elements to form compounds. Therefore economical fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere has been a never-ending quest. At high temperatures and pressures nitrogen combines with most of the elements to form nitrogen compounds although many of these compounds are not very stable. It also reacts with metals and semimetals to form nitrides. 

In the rest of the book various synthetic nitrogen compounds will be discussed. The production processes for these compounds will be described along with the way the compound is used by society. 

---

The substrate addition method for biomass estimation relies on the fact that the biomass response to the introduction of the pesticide is reflected in the response to the glucose. Fumigation relies on the conversion of the specifically labeled biomass to C-C02- From both estimations it is clear that the size of microbial biomass that can use the carbon in the carbofuran side-chain is small. Karns et al. (11) has shown that carbofuran may serve as nitrogen source for some organisms. Our estimates would overlook this N utilization. It is likely that organisms that utilize methylamine, the primary degradation product, for nitrogen would overlook this source of carbon. Data on bacterial use of methylamine is, however, limited. 

There are many types of fertilizer, including natural materials like manure, seaweed, compost, and minerals from deposits. Plants that are able to utilize nitrogen from the atmosphere may also be grown some seasons so their nitrogen is added to the soil. Many of these technologies are thousands of years old. In the 1800s, studies by von Liebig and others resulted in the worldwide transport of a few minerals and by-products of the steel industry as fertilizer. 

Pen B, Takaura K, Yamaguchi S et al (2007) Effects of Yucca schidigera and Quillaja sapomria with or without geilacto-oligosaccharides on ruminal fermentation, methane production and nitrogen utilization in sheep. Anim Feed Sci Technol 138 75-88... 

Colmenero, J. J. and G. A. Broderick, 2006. Effect of dietary crude protein concentration on milk production and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 1704-1712. 

Utility systems as sources of waste. The principal sources of utility waste are associated with hot utilities (including cogeneration systems) and cold utilities. Furnaces, steam boilers, gas turbines, and diesel engines all produce waste from products of combustion. The principal problem here is the emission of carbon dioxide, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, and particulates (metal oxides, unbumt... 

The reason for the popularity of anhydrous ammonia is its economy. No further processing is needed and it has a very high (82.2%) nitrogen content. Additionally if held under pressure or refrigerated, ammonia is a Hquid. Being a Hquid, pipeline transport is practical and economical. A network of overland pipelines (Fig. 4) is in operation in the United States to move anhydrous ammonia economically from points of production near natural gas sources to points of utilization in farming areas (see Pipelines). 

The majority of thermal polymerizations are carried out as a batch process, which requires a heat-up and a cool down stage. Typical conditions are 250—300°C for 0.5—4 h in an oxygen-free atmosphere (typically nitrogen) at approximately 1.4 MPa (200 psi). A continuous thermal polymerization has been reported which utilizes a tubular flow reactor having three temperature zones and recycle capabiHty (62). The advantages of this process are reduced residence time, increased production, and improved molecular weight control. Molecular weight may be controlled with temperature, residence time, feed composition, and polymerizate recycle. 

The only method utilized commercially is vapor-phase nitration of propane, although methane (70), ethane, and butane also can be nitrated quite readily. The data in Table 5 show the typical distribution of nitroparaffins obtained from the nitration of propane with nitric acid at different temperatures (71). Nitrogen dioxide can be used for nitration, but its low boiling point (21°C) limits its effectiveness, except at increased pressure. Nitrogen pentoxide is a powerful nitrating agent for alkanes however, it is expensive and often gives polynitrated products. 

---