Production using genetic modification

Geobacillus stearothermophillus, for example is one of the most commonly used thermophilic bioethanol producing strains. It is a rod-shaped. Grampositive bacterium with a living temperature of 30-75 °C. It was first isolated from food waste materials. Wild G. stearothermophillus strain produces lactic acid as the main product with trace amounts of ethanol, acetic acid and formic acid as by-products. The genetic modification on G. stearothermophillus has been investigated to block the pathway from pyruvate to... 

Although a diet rich in polyphenols seems to offer hope in delaying the onset of different disorders, it is still too early to define their exact clinical benefits for treating diseases [18]. However, flavonoids are incorporated as dietary components by different food industries. In this chapter, we will discuss in detail the recent developments in flavonoid biosynthesis and modifications in different prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems for flavonoid production using genetic engineering approaches. 

The development of a new methods for hydrogenase production from industrially grown bacteria. The use of genetic modification of bacteria including overexpression of hydrogenase could significantly improve the yield of this enzyme. 

The examples given above demonstrate that natural products play an important role in various areas of fine chemicals. By genetic modification, yields of desired compounds might be further enhanced. Moreover, improved separation techniques will contribute to optimal crop use. 

Genetic Modification of Flavonoid Production Using Inhibition of Flavonoid Biosynthetic Gene Activity by Sense or Antisense RNA... 

A still lower-cost route to PHAs is genetic modification of plants to directly produce the final polymer. Monsanto (and others) pursued this approach and is currently being cofunded by the US Department of Energy (DOE) in a collaborative research project led by Metabolix. Switchgrass will be modified to produce PHAs, which can then be extracted from the plant material and processed to obtain a consistent composition and the desired material properties. The plant material remaining after PHA extraction can be used to produce fuels, power, or other products, creating the opportunity for a "plants as factories" biorefinery. Applications for polymers with properties similar to those of PHAs consume on the order of 13.6 million metric t annually, and it is possible that in the future PHAs will figure prominently in the plastics market. 

With biotechnological modifications (which use genetic engineering techniques), it is possible to obtain antibodies which are characterized by different ratios of proteins from different animal species. Evolution of the humanization process in mouse mAb production enables us to obtain antibodies of... 

Starch modifications can be classified as physical modifications, chemical modifications and genetic modifications.45 Physical modification of cassava starch involves application of shear force, blending and thermal treatment. A combination of thermal treatment and shear force has been widely used to produce many extruded products and snacks. Well-known physically modified cassava starch products are alpha starch or pregelatinized starch and heat-moisture treated starch. 

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