Production statistics specialty

For phenolics in fruit by-products such as apple seed, peel, cortex, and pomace, an HPLC method was also utilized. Apple waste is considered a potential source of specialty chemicals (58,62), and its quantitative polyphenol profile may be useful in apple cultivars for classification and identification. Chlorogenic acid and coumaroylquinic acids and phloridzin are known to be major phenolics in apple juice (53). However, in contrast to apple polyphenolics, HPLC with a 70% aqueous acetone extract of apple seeds showed that phloridzin alone accounts for ca. 75% of the total apple seed polyphenolics (62). Besides phloridzin, 13 other phenolics were identified by gradient HPLC/PDA on LiChrospher 100 RP-18 from apple seed (62). The HPLC technique was also able to provide polyphenol profiles in the peel and cortex of the apple to be used to characterize apple cultivars by multivariate statistical techniques (63). Phenolic compounds in the epidermis zone, parenchyma zone, core zone, and seeds of French cider apple varieties are also determined by HPLC (56). Three successive solvent extractions (hexane, methanol, aqueous acetone), binary HPLC gradient using (a) aqueous acetic acid, 2.5%, v/v, and (b) acetonitrile fol-... 

Historically, dyes are the oldest class of synthetic specialty chemicals employed in the production of paper Dyes are added to paper at a statistical average rate of only 150 g chromophore per 1 ton of paper and board worldwide. The turnover in dyes (total 500 X 10 ) accounts for 5 % of the specialty chemicals applied to paper but only for 1,5% in view of soHd mass addition (Fig. 3.2 and 3.3). 

Along with these very large plants and the associated enormous investment in them, most of the chemical industry is characterized by high investment versus low labor components in the cost of manufacture. The National Industrial Conference Board statistics list the chemical industry as one of the highest in terms of capital investment per production worker. The investment per worker in a base petrochemicals olefins plant may well exceed a quarter of a million dollars. Once again, however, such an index covers a spectrum of operations, and for a profitable chemical specialties manufacturer the investment may be on the order of 25,000 dollars per worker. Employment in selected parts of the chemical industry is given in Table 1.5. 

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