Production-rate comparison

Table 6.6 Product rate comparison of cyclohexanol/ cyclohexanone separation under vacuum and at atmospheric pressure ...

Production rate comparison on same injection-production pressure of different Cases are shown in Figure 3. Liquid production rate is 15.2mL/min before injected water breakthrough into the production well for Case 1, and increased sharply to 70 mL/min after injected water breakthrough into the production well, with the flooding progresses, liquid production rate increased slightly. 

Figure 3. Production rate comparisons for different Cases. 

This section is divided into three parts. The first is a comparison between the experimental data reported by Wisseroth (].)for semibatch polymerization and the calculations of the kinetic model GASPP. The comparisons are largely graphical, with data shown as point symbols and model calculations as solid curves. The second part is a comparison between some semibatch reactor results and the calculations of the continuous model C0NGAS. Finally, the third part discusses the effects of certain important process variables on catalyst yields and production rates, based on the models. 

The data of Fig. 1.12 were fitted using vq as the unique fitting parameter. One and the same value was obtained for all sets of point, vq = 0.015 drops per second, indicating that the drop production rate is very low and that this second regime has only little efficiency in comparison with the first one. 

Figure 3.1 Optimum bed depth for fluidized bed freezing production rate per imit bed width for fixed and fluidized beds at an inlet bed temperature of -30°C (solid line = bed length 6 m, broken line=bed length 4m). Reprinted from Reynoso, R.O. and Calvelo, A., Comparison between fixed and fluidized bed continuous pea freezers, Int.. Refrig., 8 (1985) 109-115, with permission from Elsevier.

The furnace black process is currently the most important production process. It accounts for more than 95 % of the total worldwide production. The advantages of the furnace black process are its great flexibility in manufacturing various grades of carbon black and its better economy compared to elder processes. The following comparison makes this apparent for similar grades of carbon black, the production rate of one flame is ca. 0.002 kg/h for channel black, ca. 0.2 kg/h for gas black, and ca. 2000 kg/h for a modern furnace black reactor. However, in spite of the more advantageous furnace black process, the production processes listed in Table 27 (except for the channel black process) are still in use for the production of special carbon blacks which cannot be obtained via the furnace black process. 

Some comments need to be made concerning the data in Table 1. For some couples an extensive set of additional data are available in a variety of media, e.g. Fe3+/2+. For others, data are available for a series of structurally related analogs, e.g. Fe(C5H5)2+/0. For couples like Cr(bipy)3+/° (5, Table 1) the electron transfer process is ligand n (bipy) rather than metal based and in clusters like those in couples 19 and 26 (Table 1) the redox levels are almost surely delocalized over the cluster unit. The inclusion of some of the entries listed as inner-sphere cases is not based on product studies but, rather, mechanistic details have been inferred from rate comparisons, as illustrated in a later section of the chapter. 

The 1-2 order of magnitude decrease of the rate constant for the recombination of PET products, in comparison with the homogeneous solution, was also observed by Matsuo and co-workers [167, 168]. In their studies one of these products was hydrophilic and thus located in the aqueous phase, while the other was hydrophobic and thus immersed in the membrane. Such a decrease of the rate is, apparently, a common feature of the reactions providing electron transfer across the membrane // water interface between the reagents with substantially different hydro-phobidty. 

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