Liquefied gas storage

Figure 3.5 shows a liquefied gas storage facility which incorporates many of these principles. CCPS (1993a) provides several other exam-... 

Recommendations for the design and construction of refrigerated liquefied gas storage tanks... 

The selection of materials for high-temperature applications is discussed by Day (1979). At low temperatures, less than 10°C, metals that are normally ductile can fail in a brittle manner. Serious disasters have occurred through the failure of welded carbon steel vessels at low temperatures. The phenomenon of brittle failure is associated with the crystalline structure of metals. Metals with a body-centred-cubic (bcc) lattice are more liable to brittle failure than those with a face-centred-cubic (fee) or hexagonal lattice. For low-temperature equipment, such as cryogenic plant and liquefied-gas storages, austenitic stainless steel (fee) or aluminium alloys (hex) should be specified see Wigley (1978). 

For years, the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) industry has used pressurized underground liquefied gas storage. This technique has been applied to ammonia also. DuPont has operated a rock cavern in the United States with a capacity of 20 0001. Norsk Hydro has one in Norway at 50 000 t. Because of the contaminants occurring in liquid ammonia stored this way and the lack of suitable construction sites, no further storage facilities of this kind have been built for a long time. Underground fertilizer ammonia storage was planned in Russia [1310]. 

Here A/f is the mixture enthalpy [J kg ] defined with the air temperature, T , and pressure, p, as the reference state, and emission from a liquefied gas storage therefore results in negative mixture enthalpy A// < 0. The symbols (M, M ) and (c, cp c") refer to molar... 

Atmospheric Heat Transfer to Vertical Tanks Filled with Liquid Oxygen (4) 307 Some Methods for Reducing Heat Leak Through Support Members in Liquefied Gas Storage Vessels (4> 410 Cryogenic Tankage for Space Flight Applications (5) 95... 

SOME METHODS FOR REDUCING HEAT LEAK THROUGH SUPPORT MEMBERS IN LIQUEFIED GAS STORAGE VESSELS ... 

Finally, it will be noted from the curves presented here, and from theory, that an increase in ullage pressure—hence an increase of interfacial temperature-results in the transfer of more heat to the stratified layer, the quantity of which is calculable. Knowledge of this may serve as one criterion in the optimization of pressure level within a liquefied-gas storage or transfer system. 

Liquefied petroleum gas Storage of LPC at Eixed Installations (HSE, HSG 34) Storage and Use of LPC at Metered Estates (HSE, CSll) Storage and Use of LPC on Construction Sites (HSE, CS6) Keeping of LPC in Cylinders and Similar Containers (HSE, CS4)... 

Calor Gas Ltd. stores a small quantity of liquefied gas because it can be delivered readily hs pipelines from the neighboring oil refineries. The five tanks each storage about 60 tonnes capacity at ambient temperature. Three are tised for propane and two for butane. The total quantity of gas contained in filled cyl mders averages 500 tonnes. 

Fig. 5.14. Flow diagram of the Linde TCF series of turbine helium liquefiers. C denotes the screw compressor, OF the oil filter, Ej 2 3 the heat exchangers, T12 the turbo-expanders and JT the final Joule-Thomson stage. Cylinder B is for pure He gas storage and Gas He is the normal He gas input to the purifier [60],...

Roberts makes clear that P is intended to be the vapor pressure when the failure occurs. In a BLEVE, this might be the relief valve setting Pq, whereas in a fireball resulting from an impact failure, it will be the vapor pressure at ambient temperature, as is used in FLARE (described in Appendix C). For a fireball following a release of gas (as opposed to liquefied gas), P should be the storage pressure. 

When it is more profitable to use the electricity to make H2/ the electrolyzers split the feedwater into H2 and 02. The H2 is collected at about 3 bar (45 psig) of pressure, and is either liquefied and sent to LH2 storage, or compressed to a high pressure, which can be up to 1,000 bar (15,000 psig), and sent to high-pressure gas storage. 

Figure 3.1.2 Purging a liquefied-natural-gas storage tank.

Aagaard, V., Ledegaard, B. H., Liquefied Natural Gas Storage, Barcelona, CN Post NR 87, Christiani Wielsen, Kobenhaven, Denmark, Nov., 1969. 

Liquid ammonia is a liquefied gas. Its storage and distribution technologies therefore have much in common with other liquefied gases. Reference [399, vol. IV] summarizes the literature on storage, handling, and transportation of ammonia. 

---