Production and Environmental Aspects

Pulping of hgnocellulosic materials results in fibres termed pulps. Pulping of wood can generally be divided into mechanical and chemical pulping or mixtures of both types. In chemical pulping, nowadays the alkaline Kraft sulphate pulp process is predominant compared to the sulphite process. 

In principle, all pulps are intermediates in paper production obtained by different treatments of wood or other non-wood fibrous raw materials such as different grasses, bagasse (sugar cane, stalks after sugar removal) or cotton fibres and secondary or recovered fibres from used paper. 

About three thousand paper assortments and grades are finally composed of different portions of selected specific pulps and varying additives to yield the final paper properties with respect to strength, surface quahty, printability, colour, etc. 

Another group of pulps is produced by a large number of so-called semichemical or high-yield processes in which mechanical and chemical treatments are combined. Since, in this case, part of the hgnin is removed the yields differ between 60 and 90%. 

While mechanical pulps are used mostly in low-quality paper grades and assortments, e.g. for newsprint or packing papers, Kraft pulps are the strongest pulps used in all-quality papers and paperboards where high strength properties are required. 

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Chapter 1. Surfactants properties, production and environmental aspects. .. 1... 

Automobile Abstracts (0309-0817) http //www.mira.co.uk (accessed September 3, 2010). Motor Industry Research Association (MIRA). Automobile Abstracts, Warwickshire MIRA monthly. Electronic journal of abstracts of technical articles from worldwide automotive literature. Covers all aspects of vehicle design and performance as well as fuel, lubricants, materials, production, and environmental aspects. 

Beryllium, beryllium-containing aUoys, and beryUium oxide ceramic in soHd or massive form present no hazard whatsoever (31). SoHd shapes may be safely handled with bare hands (32) however, care must be taken in the fabrication and processing of beryUium products to avoid inhalation of airborne beryUium particulate matter such as dusts, mists, or fumes in excess of the prescribed workplace exposure limits. Inhalation of fine airborne beryUium may cause chronic beryUium disease, a serious lung disease in certain sensitive individuals. However, the vast majority of people, perhaps as many as 99%, do not react to beryUium exposure at any level (33). The biomedical and environmental aspects of beryUium have been summarized (34). 

Reactive Chemicals Exposure. The ha2ards associated with exposure to reactive chemicals vary with the chemicals produced. The multitude of chemicals produced electrochemically precludes a detailed discussion of these ha2ards. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are available from suppHers. Anyone contemplating the production of a chemical must become thoroughly familiar with all safety, health, and environmental aspects of such production. 

This book is organized into three sections Chapters 1 through 8 deal with production and use aspects Chapters 9 through 13 cover transportation and storage aspects, and Chapters 14 through 17 discuss safety and environmental aspects of hydrogen fuel. 

A recent survey of the technical and environmental aspects of inorganic pigments by Schwarz and Endriss [33] has put the importance of these products into numerical perspective. Of a total worldwide production of some 5M tonnes of pigments, 96% are inorganic. Of this 4.8M tonnes, carbon black and various whites account for 84%, that is just over 4M tonnes. This means that world production of coloured inorganic pigments is approximately 0.8M tonnes. 

The second part deals with applications of solvent extraction in industry, and begins with a general chapter (Chapter 7) that involves both equipment, flowsheet development, economic factors, and environmental aspects. Chapter 8 is concerned with fundamental engineering concepts for multistage extraction. Chapter 9 describes contactor design. It is followed by the industrial extraction of organic and biochemical compounds for purification and pharmaceutical uses (Chapter 10), recovery of metals for industrial production (Chapter 11), applications in the nuclear fuel cycle (Chapter 12), and recycling or waste treatment (Chapter 14). Analytical applications are briefly summarized in Chapter 13. The last chapters, Chapters 15 and 16, describe some newer developments in which the principle of solvent extraction has or may come into use, and theoretical developments. 

Morita, Y., Yamaguchi, I., Kondo, Y. et al. 1995. Safety and environmental aspects of partitioning and transmutation of actinides and fission products. IAEA-TECDOC-783. IAEA, Vienna, p. 93. 

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations) (2003). FAO Yearbook of Production. Rome, Italy FAO Statistics Division. Futch, S.H. (1997) Horticultural and environmental aspects of weed control in Florida citrus. Ph.D. thesis. University of Florida, Gainsville. 

Stern RM. 1982. Chromium compounds Production and occupational exposure. In Langard S, ed. Biological and environmental aspects of chromium. New York, NY Elsevier Biomedical Press, 5-47. 

The objectives of the initiator can be divided into two categories business economics and environmental aspects. Co-combustion should not result in an increased unavailability or a reduction of the quality aspects of the by-products, such as fly ash, that could reduce the value or even the utilisation possibilities of the byproducts and lead to lower electricity production costs. 

Plan - Identify and evaluate environmental, health, safety, security, distribution, product, and process aspects and impacts, or hazards and risks. Establish goals, objectives, and targets and programs to meet them. 

Finally, it should be emphasized that, while the concept of recycling proves to be of value, but in evaluation of the recycled products the environmental aspects and compatibility of the recycled systems with new applications must also be assessed. 

Against this background the Handbook of Environmental Chemistry will discuss the environmental aspects of the industrial use of polymers in two volumes called Polymers - Opportunities and Risks I General and Environmental Aspects and Polymers - Opportunities and Risks II Sustainability, Product Design and Processing. The scope of these volumes is to take a critical view on the chances and potential of polymers, recognizing their risks in reference to enviromnental issues arising from their production and application. 

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