Product properties scanning electron microscopy

Graft and block copolymers of cotton cellulose, in fiber, yam, and fabric forms, were prepared by free-radical initiated copolymerization reactions of vinyl monomers with cellulose. The properties of the fibrous cellulose-polyvinyl copolymers were evaluated by solubility, ESR, and infrared spectroscopy, light, electron, and scanning electron microscopy, fractional separation, thermal analysis, and physical properties, including textile properties. Generally, the textile properties of the fibrous copolymers were improved as compared with the properties of cotton products. 

Whilst the use of enamel and dentine as test substrates is widespread, they are complex materials to work with due to the natural variability both within and between specimens. A number of authors have examined alternative materials, which have similar mechanical properties to enamel and dentine, to use as test substrates. Acrylic [19, 20] and synthetic hydroxyapatite [21] have been proposed as suitable materials for abrasion testing, where mechanical effects dominate. These materials have several advantages since they are available as relatively large, smooth samples and exhibit better intra- and inter-sample reproducibility than their natural counterparts. This may, therefore, give better discrimination between test products for formulation development. However, the use of natural enamel and dentine is preferred, particularly for studies that aim to understand interactions between toothpaste products and tooth hard tissues. Other methods for assessing toothpaste abrasivity to hard tissues include gravimetry [22], scanning electron microscopy [23] and laser reflection [24]. 

Film properties of these products are crucial to performance, and several methods to evaluate him properties of hairspray products have been developed [59, 68, 69]. Erlemann [59] has described a variety of methods both subjective and objective to evaluate hairspray hlms formed on different substrates including metal plates or glass, on flexible foils or tissues, and on hair. Ayer and Thompson [68] have described their evaluation of hairspray properties by scanning electron microscopy. 

In this section, the production of PP nanofibres containing silver nanoparticles using the above technique, together with their characterisations using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis are presented. Additionally, the antibacterial properties of nanofibres are evaluated using the quantitative American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) 100 test. The inclusion of nanosilver into polymers to form a nanocomposite has been demonstrated to have a profound effect on the crystallisation of the polymer, which in turn affects the properties of nanofibres, including their antibacterial properties. 

For mica minerals, aspect ratio is defined as the average ratio of the average diameter of all particles to the average thickness of all particles. Until recently it has been impossible to accurately determine aspect ratios of different products. Attempts at predicting aspect ratio were made by measurement of diameters and thickness of individual particles using scanning electron microscopy. It is now possible to make this measurement with modern particle size measurement equipment. Research is currently underway to determine and develop a correlation of the aspect ratio of mica in processed polypropylene composites to observed mechanical properties. 

Fourier Transform (FT) Ranun spectroscopy (Model RFS 100/S, BRUKER Co.) using ND YAG laser was used to analyze the products on their structure electronic and vibration properties. The morphology of CNTs was observed by scanning dartron microscopy (SEM, Model S-4200, Hitach Co.) and transmission electron microscope (TEM, Modd JEOL 2000FX-ASID/EDS, Philips Co.). 

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