Product enquiries

Responding to enquiries can be speeded up and handled by non-technical staff if an information database is established. Typical product enquiries for which answers should be available are ... 

Through this chapter we would like to express our appreciation of all these educational concepts. Besides (not in contrast) the conceptions mentioned above, our intention is to initialise a process of reflection and maybe of conceptual change for the learners. Learning about the history of science into more detail can be a desired by-product , but it is not the main focus of the approach described above. Therefore, it is our aim to promote learning about basic processes in chemical enquiry, whereas the other projects mainly focused on learning about single topic or phase in the history of chemistry. 

A model is one of the main outcomes of ary scientific enquiry and hence is a major contributor to philosophy of science. A model may be defined as a simplified representation of a phenomenon (an object, system, event, process) or idea produced for the specific purpose of providing an explanation of that entity, the most important outcomes of which are the production of successful predictions of how it will behave under a range of circumstances (Gilbert, Boulter, Elmer, 2000). Entities can be modelled at the three levels at the macroscopic, by representing some of the aspects of the entity that can be seen at the sub-microscopic, by representing the ideas produced to explain the constitution and behaviour of the particles that constitute the entity and at the symbolic, by representing the symbols created to simplify the reference to such particles (as, for instance, chemical formulae and chemical equations). 

This is the framework of methodologies that can be used to conduct legitimate enquiries in a subject, meaning those which lead to the production of acceptable scientific knowledge. The natures of each of the types within the representational triplet and their relationships to each other provide an explanatory framework in respect of all chemical phenomena. The macro and submicro types of representation do so for the Group A curriculum at the desired qualitative level, whilst the addition of the symbolic type completes the scope of chemical explanation in the Group B curriculum. 

In his work, irept loroplas (or Enquiry into Plants), Theophrastus catalogues a large number of plants with discussions of their habitat, products, and uses for food, medicine and other purposes. There are comparatively few references to products or processes that are distinctly applications of chemistry, but there are a few of interest. 

A history of ether and etherification is a welcome, and now rare, focus on an individual compound.72 It covers work by Berzelius, Gerhardt, Hennell, Kolbe, Liebig, and of course Williamson. Acetoacetic ester has received detailed historical notice in a biography,73 as have salicylic acid and the salicylates.74 Apart from natural products, few heterocyclic substances have been recently the subject of historical enquiry. An impressive exception is that of pyrrole, a simple molecule explored by Dippel, Reichenbach, Runge and others, and manufactured by Du Pont.75 There is also an account of the structural problems posed by piperidine.76 Accounts have been given of the discovery of aniline from crystallin (a product of the thermal decomposition of indigo),77 of the history of phenol over the last two centuries,78 and of organic nitrates and their uses in medicine.79... 

For once the National Farmers Union and the Ramblers Association have combined to oppose a development and a public enquiry will be necessary. The RSPCA has protested at the industrialisation of animals and has asked what will happen if they break loose from their enclosures. Although Ovis musimon is docile, all animal species, even man, produce occasional aggressive individuals. Meanwhile the garment industry has pointed out the importance of quality control and has questioned whether the necessary consistency can be obtained in a so-called natural product. 

In 1996/1997, a pcirliamentary enquiry of the Commission of Social Affairs of the Senate edited a report dedicated to the conditions of enforcement of healthcare and the control of clinical safety of products destined for human use (Senat Report N. 196). The report drew attention to insufficiencies relating to the guarantee... 

This poses many fresh questions, and, to some extent, tempers previous optimism regarding the ability of this sector to make a difference by providing a more subtle and complex picture of livelihood-biodiversity linkages (e.g., Arnold, 2002, Belcher, 2005, Koziell, 2001, Lawrence, 2003, Ros-Tonen and Wiersum, 2005, Scherr et al., 2004, Wunder, 2001). Central to these new enquiries is a more perceptive and nuanced appreciation of (a) the links between natural resource dependence and the potential of the natural product trade to provide pathways out of poverty and (b) the extent to which opportunities associated with natural product production and sale can be made more pro-poor and thus contribute to the efforts to combat poverty and vulnerability (FAO, 2003) and Koziell, 2001). A key area of debate is whether the trade in natural products can assist in improving livelihoods and income, or alternatively, whether it offers limited options serving only as a last resort, possibly contributing to persistent poverty (Belcher, 2005, Ros-Tonen and Wiersum, 2005 and Wunder, 2001). 

Email enquiries A website may invite electronic mail communications from healthcare professionals and patients or the general public seeking further information about the company s products or other matters (e.g. feedback with regard to the website). The company may reply to such communications in the same manner as it would reply to enquiries received by post, telephone or other media. In communications with patients or members of the general public, discussion of personal medical matters must be avoided. If personal medical information is revealed, it must be held in confidence. Where appropriate, replies shall recommend that a healthcare professional be consulted for further information. 

Many of the promotional activities of the pharmaceutical industry are directed at professionals in the healthcare market (doctors, pharmacists, hospitals, etc.), as advertising POM medications directly to the patient is prohibited. However, companies are receiving an increasing number of enquiries directly from patients about their products. This has necessitated the provision of a regulatory Guidance for companies on how to answer such direct requests for information from the general public. 

In this chapter we follow the analytical work that might be carried out on some natural products to answer a typical enquiry from creative perfumery. In the second section we explore the different analytical techniques used in the fragrance industry, concentrating on their application to natural product analysis and the way in which they are used to provide the creative perfumer with information. Many analytical techniques also fulfil other roles in the fragrance industry. These roles are mentioned when discussing the techniques individually. 

The contaminated product was traced to incorrect operation of Evans Medical s sterilizing autoclaves. The Committee of Enquiry [2) concluded that too many people believed that sterilization of fluids was easily achievable with... 

Wollaston s discovery succeeded in raising the usual crop of sceptics, as witness such titles as Reward of Twenty Pounds for the Artificial Production of Palladium and Enquiry concerning the Nature of a Metallic Substance lately sold in London as a New Metal, under the Title of Palladium , which appeared in Nicholson s famous Journal in 1804. 

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