Processing of Raw Materials

As aroma carriers, the oils from roasted products have been analyzed in detail, specially for malt and chicory coffees. From the volatiles identified in the coffee aroma, numerous constituents are also found in these oils. However, a basic difference appears to be that the numerous sulfur-containing substances, e.g., 2-furfurylthiol, that are present in roasted beans appear in considerably lower amounts. 

Chicory coffee is manufactured by roasting the cleaned roots of the chicory plant possibly with addition of sugar beet, low amounts of edible fats or oils, salt and alkali carbonates. This is followed by grinding of the roasted product, with or without an additional steaming step or treatment with hot water. Chicory contains on the average 13.3% moisture, 4.4% minerals, 68.4% carbohydrates, 1.6% fat, 6.8% crude protein, 5.5% cmde fiber andprovides an extract which is 64.6% soluble in water. 

Fig coffee is made from figs by roasting and grinding, with or without an additional steaming step or treatment with hot water. It contains 11.4% moisture, 70.2% carbohydrates and 3.0% fat and provides an extract which is 67.9% soluble in water. 

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Ereduc tion of a product or service must be evaluated over its entire istoiy or life cycle. This life-cycle analysis or total systems approach (Ref. 3) is crucial to identifying opportunities for improvement. As described earher, this type of evaluation identifies energy use, material inputs, and wastes generated during a products hfe from extraction and processing of raw materials to manufacture and transport of a product to the marketplace and finally to use and dispose of the produc t (Ref. 5). 

Nevertheless, current processes of raw material decomposition that are based on digestion of the material by highly concentrated hydrofluoric and sulfuric acids yield highly acidic solutions. 

Vieira, M. T., Catarino, L. etal. 1999. Optimisation of the sintering process of raw materials wastes. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 92-93, 97-101. 

The processing of raw materials by chemical reactions to manufacture commercial products... 

Since the processes dealt with are batch processes the inherent discontinuous nature has to be taken into account. Scheduling constraints are formulated to ensure that the processing of raw material occurs after a washout has taken place, i.e. once a vessel has been cleaned, and after a previous batch has finished processing. Further constraints ensure a washout begins directly after the product has been removed from a processing vessel. Duration constraints are formulated for the production and washouts. 

Is this product more or less toxic than what it would replace What about the processing of raw materials used to manufacture it List any issues of concerns. 

The Annex of the Council Directive on the approximation of the laws of the Member States on extraction solvents used in the production of foodstuffs and food ingredients (88/344/EEC, dated 13 June 1988 as amended (annex I)), is divided into Parts 1, II, and III (below) and lists extraction solvents which may be used during the processing of raw materials of foodstuffs, of food components or of food ingredients. Additionally usage of water (e.g. demineralised water, distilled water, potable water) is also permitted. Regulations and permitted extraction solvents, such as n-octyl alcohol and trichloroethylene, are different in the USA and relevant legislation should be consulted. 

Suspended solids These may come in various forms—inorganic or organic solids from processing of raw materials such as ores or raw products. 

AR85a Occupational radiation protection in the mining and processing of raw materials, RS-G-1.6, 2004. 

The phase structure of the products, the high rates and the selective character of these interactions pointed to the use of sodium and calcium sulphates as oxidizers of multicorrponent iron-based alloys in the processing of raw materials containing refractory rare metals. 

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