Processing methods material cost considerations

Synthesis. Exploratory research has produced a wide variety of odorants based on natural stmctures, chemicals analogous to naturals, and synthetic materials derived from available raw materials and economical processing. As in most areas of the chemical industry, the search for new and useful substances is made difficult by the many materials that have been patented and successfully commercialized (4). In the search for new aroma chemicals, many new materials are prepared for screening each year. Chemists who perform this work are involved in a creative exercise that takes its direction from the commercial sector in terms of desirable odor types and specific performance needs. Because of economic limitations, considerations of raw material costs and available processing methods may play a role eady in the exploratory work. 

One can easily summarize the requirements that should be fulfilled before the titanium-based ceramic materials can be obtained through an aqueous solution synthesis method. First, the precursor compound should possess good solubility in water, and preferably it should be stable over a wide pH range. In ideal case such compound should be a weighing form for titanium however, from the practical considerations it is sufficient to have a stock solution stable for a reasonably long period of time. Second, the reagent should be non-toxic, relatively cheap and its impact on the environment should be small. Its composition and chemistry should be simple and the reactions with other cations that will be introduced to the system must be well-predictable. The tendency to form precipitates with many cations, like in the case of oxalate ions, must be avoided. Finally, from an industrial point of view, the overall process should be cost effective and environmentally benign. 

Savadogo presents the fundamental thermodynamic and kinetic considerations for fabricating inorganic thin-film materials with special emphasis on chemical deposition from mixed solutions, electrodeposition, and sol-gel methods. The exceptional range of materials that have been prepared by these methods is noteworthy, as is the low cost of the processing methods. Treated in detail are the syntheses of the component chemicals, as well as the mechanistic and synergistic role of the components including the important role played by additives. 

Rubber compounds very often contain smaU-particle fillers such as carbon black and silica, to improve processability and physical properties, and to reduce material costs. The most common filler is carbon black, use of which as a pigment dates to ca. 4000 BC. Methods to incorporate fillers, and the effect of their distribution and dispersion on properties, are central considerations, with... 

Using chemical routes for the preparation of ceramic phases, it is possible to obtain materials with high purity and chemical homogeneity, single phase and greater complexity degrees. However, cost, complexity of the process and amount of produced material are considerable drawbacks. Among the chemical routes, the methods known by polyol, combustion reaction, Pechini, micelles and sol gel are most used. 

---