Processes for synthesis

W. J. Dawson and M. K. Han, "Development and Scale-Up of Hydrothermal Processes for Synthesis of High Performance Materials," Proceedings of the Milton E. Wadsworth IH International Symposium on Mydrometallurgy, Aug. 1—5,1993. 

Although copper catalysts were known to be highly active for this reaction for many years, it was not until the late 1960s that gas purification processes for synthesis gas were introduced that would allow the commercial use of these catalysts, which require very low sulfur, chlorine, and phosphoms feed impurity levels to maintain catalyst activity. 

The Fischer-Tropsch and Related Processes for Synthesis of Hydrocarbons by Hydrogenation of Carbon Monoxide H. H. Storch... 

The coverage on liquid fuels must include an account of the processes for synthesis of gasoline. The synthesis process is carried out by any one of the following (i) polymerization, (ii) Fischer-Tropsch method and (iii) Bergius process. The following description relates only to the first of these methods. 

Li, D.S. and Komarneni, S. (2006) Microwave-assisted polyol process for synthesis of Ni nanoparticles. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 89 (5), 1510-1517. 

Selective transformations Selective styrene ring opening [103] One-pot domino process for regioselective synthesis of a-carbonyl furans [104] Tandem process for synthesis of quinoxalines [105] Atmospheric oxidation of toluene [106] Cyclohexane oxidation [107] Synthesis of imines from alcohols [108] Synthesis of 2-aminodiphenylamine [109] 9H-Fluorene oxidation [110] Dehydrogenation of ethane in the presence of C02 [111] Decomposition of methane [112] Carbon monoxide oxidation [113]... 

Sithambaram, S., Ding, Y., Li, W., Shen, X., Gaenzler, F. and Suib, S.L. (2008) Manganese octahedral molecular sieves catalyzed tandem process for synthesis of quinoxalines. Green Chemistry, 10, 1029-1032. 

Lin, J. J. (Texaco Development Corp.) Process for synthesis of amidoacids using a cobalt catalyst and a bidentate phosphine ligand Eur. Pat. Appl. 263,624 1988. Chem. Abstr. 1989, 110, 154881. 

They used a Ni-containing catalyst. In contrast to steam reforming of methane, methane partial oxidation is exothermic. However, the partial oxidation requires pure oxygen, which is produced in expensive air separation units that are responsible for up to 40% of the cost of a synthesis gas plant (2) (in contrast, the steam reforming process does not require pure oxygen). Therefore, the catalytic partial oxidation of methane did not attract much interest for nearly half a century, and steam reforming of methane remained the main commercial process for synthesis gas manufacture. 

The process for synthesis of methanol involves these basic steps ... 

Are the polymerization processes for synthesis and natural cw-pol5dsoprene (a) similar or (b) different ... 

Fig. 2-12 Schematic representation of industrial process for synthesis of poly(ethylene terephthalate). After Ellwood [1967] (by permission of American Chemical Society, Washington, DC).

Another important application of iron is as an industrial catalyst. It is used in catalyst compositions in the Haber process for synthesis of ammonia, and in Fischer-Tropsch process for producing synthetic gasoline. 

These compounds can be prepared by using either classical processes for synthesis of amino acids (starting from the ad hoc precursor bearing fluorine on the aromatic moiety) or electrophilic fluorination of the arene moiety (e.g., elemental fluorine, xenon fluoride, acetyl hypofluorite). Although these methods are often poorly regioselective, they are useful for the preparation of F labeled molecules used in PET, for example, F tyrosine and dihydrophenylalanine (L-Dopa). ... 

Nevertheless, one process for synthesis of the low calorie sweetener, Aspartame, which is a methyl ester of a dipeptide, (Asp-Phe-OMe) involves a biocatalytic step. Aspartic acid amino protected by benzyloxycarboi rl group, is reacted with two moles of phenylalanine methylester catalysed by the protease thermolysin. The extra mole of ester makes the dipeptide precipitate and it is later recycled. For details see section 4.6. 

SO2 + O2 1 2SO3 Pt or V205 Intermediate step in the contact process for synthesis of sulfuric acid H2S04 Manufacture of fertilizers, chemicals oil refining... 

NH3 + 5 02 > 4 NO + 6 H20 Pt and Rh First step in the Ostwald process for synthesis of nitric acid HN03 Manufacture of explosives, fertilizers, plastics, dyes, lacquers... 

N2 + 3 H2 > 2 NH3 Fe, K20, and A1203 Haber process for synthesis of ammonia NH3 Manufacture of fertilizers, nitric acid... 

H20 + CH4 > CO + 3 H2 Ni Steam-hydrocarbon re-forming process for synthesis of hydrogen H2 Manufacture of ammonia, methanol... 

PROBLEM 13.1 The oxidation of sulfur dioxide to give sulfur trioxide is an important step in the industrial process for synthesis of sulfuric acid. Write the equilibrium equation for each of the following reactions ... 

Fig. 24 (a, b) Chemo-enzymatic process for synthesis of tetrahydroxylated pyrrolizidines 1-epi-alexine, australine and 3-epi-australine utilising dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), stereospecific aldol reaction catalysed by fructose-1.6-diphosphate aldolase (FDPA) and acid phosphatase (Pase) [149]... 

A 1,000 ton/day methanol plant, using a Winkler type gasifier adapted to burn wood chips and to use the ICI process for synthesis, requires the following consumption of ingredients per ton of methanol ... 

The carboxylation of phenols is a well established process for synthesis of salicylic acid according to the Kolbe-Schmitt method (Table 4, entry 39). The exothermic reaction is carried out at slightly elevated temperatures around 150 °C and pressures of approximately 5 bar. Batch processes are still mainly used. The main task is to exclude water from the reaction mixture, because this would release the alkali metal hydroxide from the phenoxide salt. 

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