Process volume

Applicable to installed base processors Processing volume (m ) not limited... 

Anhydrous calcium chloride absorbs water to a capacity of 3.5 kg/kg of calcium chloride and forms a nonreuseable brine. This technique is best suited for remote appHcations where modest dew point depressions are required and gas processing volumes are small. 

Batch process volume of hatch total hatch cycle h. 

For pressure, slow and fast systems are compared. An example of a slow system is control of the pressure of compressible gas in a large process volume. A fast system could be the pressure of fuel oil (incompressible liquid) supply to a burner. For flow, a single set of settings is recommended. 

Use systems that allow maximum flexibility in air flow rates and control strategies when selection of systems is based on inaccurate (preliminary) data on production processes, volumes, and raw materials to be used in the building. Emission rates from these processes and total loads might he changed during the detailed design step. 

Hydrodynamic cavitation reactors have been investigated for more than a decade now in the UDCT Department of Bombay University [63-66]. When applied to some industrially relevant reactions, the hydrodynamically created cavitation appeared to dehver on average an order of magnitude higher cavitation yields than the acoustic cavitation. In addition, the processing volumes could be up to about 100 times larger than in the conventional sonochemical reactors. So far, there is no information about the industrial applications of the hydrodynamic cavitation reactors, although some concepts have already been patented [67]. 

Specific MPIs will be significantly smaller in continuous plant, and options for PI may reduce process volumes and costs even further. 

The cost of an MPI per unit process volume increases as scale decreases, with an approximate exponent of 0.7, although this may not hold at small process volumes and certainly not for complex designs such as intensified reactors. 

B Some accumulation of energy 1 s to 10 min kinetic influence Some benefits (selectivity and process volume) from improved temperature control and better mixing/transport... 

Worz et al. stress the possibility of carrying out very fast reactions with large reaction heat in micro reactors [110]. They often use the terms isothermal operation or isothermicity to describe adequately the carrying out of a reaction with a heat that is taken out of the processing volume immediately upon release. In practice, they often refer to a temperature increase of 1-2 °C as a limit for fulfilling the criterion of isothermal operation. 

GP 11] [R 19] The third explosion limit is discussed in detail in [9] as it is important from both practical and mechanistic viewpoints (230-950 °C 10-10 Pa). This limit is normally responsible for the occurrence of explosions imder ambient pressure conditions. In addition, these explosions are known to be kinetically induced by radical formation. The formation of these species is sensitive to size reduction of the processing volume owing to the impact of the wall specific surface area on radical chain termination. It turns out that the wall temperature has a noticeable, but not decisive influence on the position of the third limit The thermal explosion limit lies below the kinetic limit for all conditions specified above (Figure 3.50) [9]. 

Crystallization and Self-Organization Process Volume Editor Naka, K. 

The scale up prospects of hom type systems are very poor as it cannot effectively transmit the acoustic energy into large process volume. Usually, ultrasonic hom type systems are generally recommended for laboratory scale investigations. The disadvantages of using the hom systems at large scales of operation are ... 

Diafiltration is a process whereby an ultrafiltration system is utilized to reduce or eliminate low molecular mass molecules from a solution and is sometimes employed as part of biopharmaceuti-cal downstream processing. In practice, this normally entails the removal of, for example, salts, ethanol and other solvents, buffer components, amino acids, peptides, added protein stabilizers or other molecules from a protein solution. Diafiltration is generally preceded by an ultrafiltration step to reduce process volumes initially. The actual diafiltration process is identical to that of ultrafiltration, except for the fact that the level of reservoir is maintained at a constant volume. This is achieved by the continual addition of solvent lacking the low molecular mass molecules that are to be removed. By recycling the concentrated material and adding sufficient fresh solvent to the system such that five times the original volume has emerged from the system as permeate, over 99... 

Winograd, Terry, Language as a Cognitive Process, Volume 1, Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1983. 

The procedure described previously yielded liposomes of sufficient quality up to a process volume of 5 mL. Larger quantities (about 30 mL) necessary for intensive studies made with the described protocol were not feasible. 

Fig. 3. Water exchange processes volume profiles connected to the transition states.

Volume 19 Simple Processes at the Gas—Solid Interface Volume 20 Complex Catalytic Processes Volume 21 Reactions of Solids with Gases Volume 22 Reactions in the Solid State... 

Wolf, S., and R. N. Tauber, Silicon Processing, Volume 1, Lattice Press, Sunset Beach, CA, 1986. 

Scale-up is generally defined as the process of increasing batch size. Scale-up of a process can also be viewed as a procedure for applying the same process to different output volumes. There is a subtle difference between these two definitions batch size enlargement does not always translate into a size increase of the processing volume. 

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