Process trends example

Because sulfuric acid was used to acidify the treatment basin, the increase in SO4 2" was expected. However, only about 50% of the sulfate added as sulfuric acid remained in the water column of the treatment basin the remainder was lost to outseepage and in-lake processes. For example, had the added sulfate remained in the water column, [S042- ] at pH 4.7 would have been 257 xequiv/L (versus the measured [S042- ] = 147 ixequiv/ L). The loss of sulfate by reduction may contribute to the generation of alkalinity this possibility is discussed in the Internal Alkalinity section. Chloride showed no significant trend with decreasing pH. 

Extrusion (or elimination) of sulfur from thiiranes and thiirenes is a facile process. Virtually all thiiranes and thiirenes, as well as their V-oxides and V,V-dioxides, undergo thermal extrusion of the sulfur moiety with increasing facility according to the trend S << SO < S02. Sulfur monoxide produced in this way can be utilized in cycloaddition processes, for example, from 2 in refluxing toluene with 2,3-dimethyl-l,3-butadiene in a chelotropic addition <1997JOC8366>. 

Among the most basic measures of activity in the research and regulatory processes are the numbers of INDs issued, NDAs or PLAs received, and NDAs or PLAs approved by the FDA. These snapshots of the number of drugs in the development pipeline are of limited value in understanding the dynamics of the regulatory process. For example, they say little about trends in the probability of successfully bringing a new drug to market, the time required to do so, or the reasons for these trends. However, they do provide a window into the workload of the FDA and the output of companies R D efforts. 

Investments in maintenance and total operations improvements should be measured and bottom-line return on investment validated. The proven methodology of the MEI utilizes existing data to provide a very effective multifactored system to measure mission-critical maintenance and its contribution to total operation performance and success. Organizations will make a wise decision to start this process, for example, as a new CMMS system is purchased and begins implementation. Positive trends on the Maintenance Excellence Index will validate the projected results tangible benefits and savings that were used to justify the capital investment for this and many other types of maintenance-improvement projects. 

Ih is a trrad toward non-contacting measurement techniques wherever possible. There is also a trend towards graphical representation of the data. A proper graphical data display or wafer map enhances the understanding of a fabrication process, for example, significandy. 

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