Process potential applications

Even without considering copolymers, i.e., polymers made by condensing two or more different diacids and/or two or more different diols, it is evident that there are hrmdreds of possibilities for aromatic polyesters. As is usually the case with potentially large families of polymers, combinations of physical properties, ease of processing, potential applications, and economics limit the number of family members that make it into successful commercial production and use. 

Membrane adsorption is an integrated adsorption operation coupled with membrane separation. The separation efficiency of membranes is enhanced by combining it with the principle of adsorption. Specific adsorbent is placed in the iimer pores of membranes, which selectively adsorbs and separates the required component from the mixture. When the mixture is subjected to the membrane with adsorbent, specific component gets attached to the adsorbent, which acts as a fimctional ligand and gets separated from the mixture. The dissolved molecules are carried directly to the adsorptive sites in the membranes by convective flow, which increases the throughput of the process. Potential applications of membrane adsorption reported in literature include separation... 

This volume contains 50 articles describing analytical techniques for the characterization of solid materials, with emphasis on surfaces, interfaces, thin films, and microanalytical approaches. It is part of the Materials Characterization Series, copublished by Butterworth-Heinemann and Manning. This volume can serve as a stand-alone reference as well as a companion to the other volumes in the Series which deal with individual materials classes. Though authored by professional characterization experts the articles are written to be easily accessible to the materials user, the process engineer, the manager, the student—in short to all those who are not (and probably don t intend to be) experts but who need to understand the potential applications of the techniques to materials problems. Too often, technique descriptions are written for the technique specialist. 

The use of any of the above techniques demands knowledge, experience, and flexibility. No prescriptive set of questions or key words or list is sufficient to cover all processes, hazards, and all impacted populations. As a research chemist reviews a chemistry and its potential application, there are advantages to maintaining an open mind when applying the various techniques designed to open up avenues of thought. The reader is referred to Chapter 7 for additional information and direction on the choice of process hazard review techniques. 

Molecular features of polypropylene Expected process/product effects Potential application... 

This chapter reviews the design of different current and potential applications for plastics. Plastics are used uniquely in these applications because of factors such as availability of their extensive capability in material modifications to meet specific material and processing requirements. By incorporating some innate behaviors of the materials and adapting them to operate in unusual environments, low cost products are produced as well as some of the most significant and sophisticated problems of man-kind are being solved by the use of plastics. 

Electrochemical promotion (NEMCA) bears several similarities with electrolysis in the sense that potential application controls the rate of a process. This is shown in Fig. 1.6, prepared by N. Anastasijevic, a member of the team which made the first NEMCA observations with aqueous... 

This and the following chapters are areview of the materials that aredepositedby CVD, either onaproductionbasisor experimentally. The listing i s not all inclusive as the CVD of many elements and compounds has yetto be investigated or at least adequately reported in the literature. Each material is listed with its basic properties, its maj or CVD reactions and processes, and its present and potential applications. 

In this chapter, each carbide is listed alphabetically with its basic properties, its major CVD reactions and processes, and its present and potential applications. 

Later on, this concept was extended to precursors containing both elements of the desired material already connected by a chemical bond in a single molecule. Such precursors are mainly referred to as single source precursors. Their potential application for the deposition of thin films of the corresponding binary materials by MOCVD processes could be demonstrated. In particular Lewis acid-base adducts R3M—ER3 and four- and six-membered heterocycles [R2MER x (Fig- 1) have been in the focus of research groups both in industry and university. Consequently, the development of powerful synthetic pathways for the preparation of such precursors has been forced. 

A more significant body of literature focuses on the use of protoplasts in understanding processes related to stress tolerance. The role of Ca in salt toleranee has been evaluated using maize root protoplasts. Exposure of the plasmalemma directly to external media revealed a non-specific replacement of Ca by salt. Sodium was found to replace Ca though this could be reversed by adding more Ca (Lynch, Cramer Lauchli, 1987). This approach assists in understanding the role of specific ion interaction in enhancing salt tolerance and is potentially applicable to studies on the molecular basis for ion specificity of plant membranes. 

In the interdisciplinary field of biophysics and biotechnology, the bioeffects of electric field have received considerable interest for both fundamental studies on these interaction mechanisms and potential application. However, the effects of pulsed electric field (PEF) on secondary metabolism in plant cell cultures and fermentation processes have been unknown. Therefore, it would be very interesting to find out whether PEF could be used as a new tool for stimulating secondary metabolism in plant cell cultures for potential application to the value-added plant-specific secondary metabolite production. Furthermore, if the PEF permeabilization and elicitation are discovered in a cell culture system, the combination of... 

A spinning molecule on a copper surface and a soccer-ball molecule tethered to a protein may seem no more useful than a spinning ice-skater or a tetherball. Nonetheless, advocates of nanotechnology cite a wealth of potential applications for this new field, including tailored synthetic membranes that can collect specific toxins from industrial waste and computers that process data much faster than today s best models. The list of possible benefits from nanotechnology is limited only by our imaginations. 

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