Probability waves

The single particle, emitted by the source, is directed toward a beamsplitter. This quantum system is described, in the orthodox theory, by probability wave / containing all the available information on the system. 

These results indicate that the presence of the wave theta is revealed by the value of the expected visibility. If the visibility is one, the 0 waves do not exist, meaning that the quantum waves are mere mathematical probability waves devoid of any physical meaning. If the fringe pattern is blurred and the visibility decreased by a factor of, then it would imply that quantum waves, just like any ordinary wave, are real. 

Since the two probability waves / undergo the same attenuation along the arms of the interferometer, the predicted visibility for this experiment is one V = 1. 

The central point within our consciousness, our "spirit" in the hermetic sense, can now be seen as an entity that can work to control quantum probabilities. To our "spirits" our brain is a quantum sea providing a rich realm in which it can incarnate and manifest patterns down into the electrical/chemical impulses of the nervous system. (It has been calculated that the number of interconnections existing in our brains far exceeds the number of atoms in the whole universe - so in this sense the microcosm truly mirrors the macrocosm ). Our "spirit" can through quantum borrowing momentarily press a certain order into this sea and this manifests as a thought, emotion, etc. Such an ordered state can only exist momentarily, before our spirit or point of consciousness is forced to jump and move to other regions of the brain, where at that moment the pattern of probability waves for the particles in these nerve cells, can reflect the form that our spirit is trying to work with. 

It must be somewhat above this level that our consciousness works, weaving probability waves into patterns and incarnating them in the receptive structure of our brains. Our being or spirit lives in this Quantum Foam, which is thus the Eternal Now, infinite in extent and a plenum of all possibilities. The patterns of everything that has been, that is now, and will come to be, exists latent in this quantum foam. Perhaps this is the realm though which the mystics stepped into timelessness, the eternal present, and sensed the omnipotence and omniscience of the spirit. 

We need to begin with a brief review of atomic structure. Atoms consist of relatively compact nuclei containing protons and neutrons. At some distance from these dense nuclei each atom has electrons moving in a cloud around the central nucleus. The electrons move in shells or orbitals or probability waves (different words derived from more or less classic or quantum mechanical terms of reference) around the nucleus, and the number of electrons circulating in these orbitals depends on the element in question. Four things are particularly important for flow cytometrists to understand about these electrons First, atoms have precisely defined orbitals in which electrons may reside. Second, an electron can reside in any one of the defined orbitals but cannot reside in a region that falls between defined orbitals. Third, the energy of an electron is related to the orbital in... 

Quantum mechanically, the reactive dynamics is expressed in a more wavelike language. By solving Schrodinger s equation, we treat the problem where an initial probability wave of reactants is sent in towards the activation barrier from reactants. When the wave hits the barrier, part of it is reflected and part of it is transmitted. The reflected part of the wave corresponds to non-reactive collision events, and the transmitted part corresponds to reaction. 

This is the lowest energy r-borKling molecular orbital. It is as though two doughnuts of r-electron probability waves sandwich the flat hex onal C Hg ring. This orbital contains two electrons. 

If not the most outspoken, then certainly the most eloquent objections came from Einstein. Heisenberg, he said, has laid a large quantum egg. God, said Einstein, does not play dice with the universe. In addition to philosophical objections, there were aesthetic objections. The neat, pleasing orbits of Bohr were replaced by obscure, dissatisfying regions of probability —and probability waves at that— which would soon be called orbitals. The atom was no longer a neat, visualizable, little solar system. 

The dc Broglie equation (1.14) applies to the diffraction of other nuclear particles, but does not imply that the particles are waves , just that their behaviour under diffraction conditions is governed by a mathematical probability wave-motion which allows for interactions of enhancement (waves in-phase) and enfeeblement (waves out-of-phase) to determine the diffraction patterns observed. 

Wave runup (with the most probable wave height and wave period, and the geometry of the construction). 

The interpretation of electromagnetic waves as probability waves often leaves one with some feelings of unreality. If the wave only tells us relative probabilities for finding a photon at one point or another, one is entitled to ask whether the wave has physical reality, or if it is merely a mathematical device which allows us to analyze photon distribution, the photons being the physical reality. We will defer discussion of this question until a later section on electron diffraction. 

The apparent contradiction between the particle and the wave picture was solved in a completely unexpected way which called in question the very foundation of the mechanistic world-view - the concept of the reality of matter. At the subatomic level, matter does not exist with certainty in definite places, but rather shows tendencies to exist , and atomic events do not occur with certainty at definite times and in definite ways, but rather show tendencies to occur . In the formalism of quantum theory, these tendencies are expressed as probabilities and are associated with mathematical quantities which take theform of waves. This is why particles can be waves at the same time. They are not real three dimensional waves like sound or water waves. They are probability-waves, abstract mathematical quantities with all the characteristic properties of waves which are related to the probabilities of finding the particles at particular points in space and at particular times. All the laws of atomic physics are expressed in terms of these probabilities. We can never predict an atomic event with certainty we can say only how likely it is to happen. (Capra, p.77)... 

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