Printing processing time

Commercially viable transfer printing technology of the sort described in these sections for most applications will require great positional control of stamps relative to mother substrates and receiving substrates (few micrometers or better), a method for reliable contact and separation with good speed control, and the capability to perform transfers many times (tens to hundreds per minute). These requirements necessitate automation and the development of new tools (and stamps) designed specifically for the printing process. 

The basic light-sensitive substance used in all of these papers is silver chloride with an excess of silver nitrate. Once the image has been printed and toned, it is fixed, washed, dried, and preserved in much the same way as a silver print. Because the silver particles of printed out images are a much finer size than those of developed out prints, they are often more susceptible to deterioration. But with proper processing, they will stand the test of time as well as any process. Indeed, collodio-chloride is actually the most stable silver printing process because the nitrocellulose binder hermetically seals the silver from the harmful atmosphere that fades all silver base photographic prints. 

The last type of hard copy output device isn t really a printer at all. Printers make images one line at a time and move from top to bottom during the printing process. Plotters, on the other hand, draw the image as we would, with a pen. One shape at a time. Plotters are most often used with CAD software to produce blueprints or technical diagrams. It would be quite expensive to make a printer that can print on paper as wide as these drawings require. Because a plotter uses a pen (or several pens in a holder) on a cable carrier, it is easy (and relatively inexpensive) to make a very wide plotter. A couple of typical plotters are shown in Figure 6.18. 

The first section of the book is devoted to industrial applications. In two articles written by two of the major companies active in this field, PolylC and Evonik, the applications that presently attract the most interest fi om a commercial point of view are described. At the same time, the key problems related to the manufacturing of cheap electronics through a printing process are addressed. These two chapters provide an excellent introduction to the more applied aspects of the field and also define the Ifamework for the following chapters in the book, which all address problems that in one way or the other are related to producing organic field effect transistors and to improving their performance and stability. 

Sugar coating Elegant final product. Tablets can be printed for identification purposes. Cheap, readily available starting materials. Simple equipment requirements. Excellent protection from environment. Long process time. Traditional manufacture more an art than a science high operator dependency. Significantly increases tablet size. 

A small time constant is easy to achieve in a small format array, bnt the RP-dependence on the nnmber of lines qnickly increases the time constant. Typical valnes are Cpp 1-5 pF and Rp 1-10 Q for a conventional metal or Rpp 10-100 kQ for condncting polymers. With conventional metals, the time constant remains small enongh, aronnd 20 [ts, even for arrays where N = 1,000, while condncting polymers conld only address arrays where iV 30 [8]. Therefore, the development of solntion-processed low-resistance condnctors is fnndamental for an all-additive printing process. 

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