Priming activity

Histamine actively participates in functions and activity of DC precursors as well as their immature and mature forms. Immature and mature DCs express all four HRs [179-182]. In the differentiation process of type 1 DC from monocytes, HRl and HR3 act as positive stimulants that increase antigen-presentation capacity and proinflammatory cytokine production and Thl-priming activity. In contrast, HR2 acts as a suppressive molecule for antigen-presentation capacity, enhances IL-10 production and induces of IL-lO-producing T cells [183-185]. 

Fig. 6 Priming activity of glucose and maltooligosaccharides in the enzymatic polymerization using potato phosphorylase and glucose-1-phosphate as monomer [124] - Reproduced by permission of Portland Press Ltd.

Grell, M., Douni, E., Wajant, H., Lohden, M., Clauss, M., Maxeiner, B., Georgopoulos, 8., Lesslauer, W., Kollias, G., Pfizenmaier, K. et al (1995). The transmembrane form of tumor necrosis factor is the prime activating ligand of the 80 kDa tumor necrosis factor receptor. Cell 83, 793-802. 

Besides peptides that are presented by MHC molecules to prime/activate T cells, there is another family of peptides responsible for immune response modulation and rejection of tumor cells. Alloferon 1 (HGVSGHGQHGVHG), a peptide isolated from the hemolymph of experimentally infected insect Calliphora vicina, showed an antiviral and antitumor activity in mice. Although immunomodulatory properties of the peptide remain to be clarified in detail, it is suggested that alloferon 1 has a significant capacity to stimulate NK cell activity and IFN synthesis in murine and human models [334]. 

The interaction of tilorone hydrochloride to native as well as denatured DNA encouraged us to study the template activity of the complexes in DNA- and RNA-polymerase systems from E. coli. Table 19 shows the effect of tilorone on the priming activity of denatured DNA in DNA-polymerase reaction. DNA-polymerase was isolated from 77. coli B cells according to the procedure of Richardson54, and fraction VII obtained after DEAE-cellulose chromatography was used. The reaction was carried out in the presence of denatured DNA. 

Polysaccharide CL p-Amyldysis limit, % B.V.o "X c nifi Priming activity Ref- erences... 

Methods of assay (m) = methylation (p) = periodate oxidation (e) = enzymic. B.V. = Blue Value (compare Refs. 3 and 4). Xmax = wavelength of maximum absorption of polysaccharide-iodine complex. Priming activity toward P-enzyme soluble starch = 1.0. Priming activity toward muscle phosphorylase glycogen = 100, corn amylopectin = 63. Molecular weight, 64,000 (compared with about 100,000 for the parent amylose). 

All these prime activities, and many others, will need in-depth assessment and resolution (usually within a qualification and validation programme) before production can commence, but once production is initiated, confirmation of compliance with the finished product specification depends on the last two activities. 

Prime activity rests upon their anti-inflammatory and immimosupressant effects. 

Milstone, J. Thrombokinase in prime activator of prothrombin Historical perspectives and present status. Fed. Proc. 23, 742-748 (1964)... 

Valery F. Ochkov (ochkov twt.mpei.ac.ru) - professor of Moscow Power Engineering Institute (technical university - http //www.mpei.ru). Speciahst in the field of information technologies for the power engineering and chemical industry (see -http //www.trie.ru). Official beta tester Mathcad versions from 7 to 15 and Mathcad Prime. Active participant of the Mathcad Internet forum PlanetPTC (http //commu-nities.ptc.com). 

Priming activity for RNA synthesis. The extracted DNA has been tested for its ability to serve as primer for RNA synthesis in a cell-free system containing RNA polymerase. It was found to be as effective as nuclear DNA prepared from blastulae and from plutei. 

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