Blue value

The lowest order Zemikes are tabulated in Table 1 along with their common optical name. The next figure shows fhe first 12 Zernike polynomials with a pseudo-color graphical representation of their value over a unit circle. In the plots, blue values are low and red values are high. 

This problem can be partly overcome by using several weights simultaneously to create the display. A visually appealing way to do this is to choose the same group of three weights at each node and interpret them as RGB (red, green, blue) values, then to plot on the map a blob of the appropriate color at the position of the node. 

To determine the amylose content of starch, the iodine reaction has been most commonly used because amylose and amylopectin have different abilities to bind iodine. The methods such as blue value (absorbance at 680 nm for starch-iodine complex using amylose and amylopectin standards), and potentiometric and amperometric titration have been used for more than 50 years. These procedures are based on the capacity of amylose to form helical inclusion complexes with iodine, which display a blue color characterized by a maximum absorption wavelength (kmax) above 620 nm. During the titration of starch with iodine solution, the amount (mg) of iodine bound to 100 mg of starch is determined. The value is defined as iodine-binding capacity or iodine affinity (lA). The amylose content is based on the iodine affinity of starch vs. purified linear fraction from the standard 100 mg pure linear amylose fraction has an iodine affinity of 19.5-21.0mg depending on amylose source. Amylopectin binds 0-1.2mg iodine per 100mg (Banks and Greenwood, 1975). The amylose content determined by potentiometric titration is considered an absolute amylose content if the sample is defatted before analysis. 

Shizuoka Seiki Protein, Iodine blue value Ground Milled rice R... 

Starch from ae su kernels in a dent background consists of 51-60% amylose, as determined by the blue value procedure (Table 3.6), with the amylose percentage increasing with increasing kernel age.57 Yeh et al.,90 in contrast, reported that ae su reduced amylose concentration from 65% for su to 28% for ae su, based on SEC separation of starch polysaccharides isolated from kernels in a sweet com background. Three fractions were obtained (Table 3.7). The first two were loosely-branched, similar to the amylopectin fractions in ae. Amylose from the third peak fraction was similar in iodine staining to that from normal however, some short chain length amylose as... 

Widely varying amylose percentages have been reported for du su starch samples in a dent background when measured by the blue value procedure (Table 3.6). In four... 

The mature kernel phenotype for the triple mutant ae du su is similar to that for su (Table 3.3). Sugar concentrations of mature272 and immature270 ae du su kernels are higher than those of either of the single mutants or the double mutants ae du or ae su, while starch concentration is similar to that in su and the two double mutants. The amylose percentage is close to that of normal when measured by either the blue value test (Table 3.6) or SEC (Table 3.7). However, in contrast to normal, a major proportion of the branched polysaccharide is smaller than typical amylopectin (as is that of ae su), and it elutes from an SEC column at an intermediate position (Table 3.7). The absorbance maximum and absorptivity (extinction coefficient) of the branched polysaccharide-iodine complexes are similar to those for ae and ae su, and are characteristic of loosely-branched polymers. The absorbance maximum of the amylose-iodine complex is similar to that of normal, du, or su, but the absorptivity is lower than for either (Table 3.7). No short chain amylose has been found in ae du su starch.90... 

Starches of ae su wx are reported to contain 13-14% apparent amylose when measured by blue value tests (Table 3.6), but Ye h et al.90 (Table 3.7) showed that the apparent amylose is due to the loosely-branched nature of the starch polysaccharides. 

The iodine affinities, blue values, max, beta-amylolysis limits and branch chain length distributions are similar for the starch samples harvested at different stages (7 to 30 days DAF) of development of waxy rice grains,331 japonica rice328 and indica rice.332 The gelatinization temperature of maize starch increases from 12 to 24 DAF, but is reduced at 36 DAF.333... 

Amyloses of five commercially important starches (wheat, corn, rice, tapioca and potato) were purified by fractional crystallization of their amylose-alcohol complexes and shown to be free of amylopectin.111,205 All five amyloses showed comparable iodine affinity, blue value and max of their polyiodide complexes (Table 10.5), which is consistent with their being (1 —4)-linked a-glucans with an average DPn of —500 or above.206 The average size of amylose molecules in cereal starches is smaller than... 

Blue value absorbance at 680 nm of the iodine complex in controlled conditions. With 1-butanol. 

The shade of dyes can be specified using a colour index, which defines the proportion of three component colours required to make any other colour. (This is analogous to the designation with which computer users are familiar with colours in terms of red/green/blue values.) If the component colours are placed on the circumference of a circle, other colours can be represented as points on or within that circle - a so-called colour wheel (Fig. 1). 

It is the amylose component of starch that gives the blue color when KI/I2 solution is added. To study the iodine-iodide color of amyloses of different d.p. values, maltodextrin-amylose molecules, with various avg. d.p. values from 6 to 568 were prepared by Bailey and Whelan [62], using phosphorylase, a-D-glucopyranosyl-1-phosphate, and maltohexaose. The colors of the various sized maltodextrins (1 mg) were observed when 10 1 (w/w) KI/I2 solution was added. The first color to be observed was faint red for avg. d.p. 12 a red-purple color was observed for avg. d.p. 31 a purple color was observed for avg. d.p. 40 and a blue color was observed for avg. d.p. 45. The increase in the blue value was linear as a function of avg. d.p. up to avg. d.p. 60 the absorbance at 645 nm then slowly increased and reached a maximum at avg. d.p. of 400. The intensity of the iodine/iodide color in the low molecular weight range was dependent on the concentration of the iodine. When the concentration of the iodine was increased 10-fold, the intensity was increased 50% [62]. 

In a detailed study of the zone-electrophoretic behavior of amylosac-charides on paper using a borate buffer (pH 10), Foster, Newton-Heam and Stacey showed that, whilst the amylopectin (blue value, 0.18) underwent appreciable migration toward the anode with but little adsorption of the polysaccharide in the path of movement, the pattern of movement of amylose (blue value, 1.35) depended on the amoimt of the polysaccharide put on the paper. Thus, a sufficiently small amount was adsorbed at the origin, but, with larger amounts, migration toward the anode occurred. A mixture of amylose and amylopectin was easily resolved, whereas, with... 

Kieselguhr G plates Spray reagent Tetrazolium blue Values given are values... 

Methods of assay (m) = methylation (p) = periodate oxidation (e) = enzymic. B.V. = Blue Value (compare Refs. 3 and 4). Xmax = wavelength of maximum absorption of polysaccharide-iodine complex. Priming activity toward P-enzyme soluble starch = 1.0. Priming activity toward muscle phosphorylase glycogen = 100, corn amylopectin = 63. Molecular weight, 64,000 (compared with about 100,000 for the parent amylose). 

For the last few years, we have investigated the cellulase components of Pseudomonas fluorescens var. cellulosa in special regard to the physiological relation of their synthesis and localization to the cultural conditions. This pseudomonad is an aerobic mesophilic cellulose-decomposing bacterium isolated earlier by Ueda et al. (39) from field soil. Some of the enzymatic properties of cellulases obtained from it have previously been reported (28). In the present review, the results of our recent studies (42) are described and discussed together with the related works of other authors. [In these studies, activities of cellulase and aryl / -glucosidase were assayed by the same methods as described in a recent paper (31), and that of amylase by the blue value method modified by Fuwa (10)]. 

The sensor array responses were determined for a series of different volatiles representing the common organic functionalities amines, arenes, alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, halocarbons, ketones, phosphines, sulfides, and thiols. Each analyte response is represented as the red, green, and blue values of each of the 24 dyes, that is, a 72-dimensional vector. These results suggest that the familial similarities among compounds of the same functionality are exceptional amines, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, and so forth are all easily distinguished from each other. 

Iodine Binding Capacity (ISO) Blue Value (BV) 6-amylolysis Limit( ) Intrinsic viscosity 10-2.ft )/ cm- g- ... 

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