Primary structure characterization

Sharma J, Panico M, Shipton CA et al. Primary structure characterization of the photosystem II D1 and D2 subunits. J Biol Chem 1997a 272 33158-33166. 

Schaefer, W. H, Kakkad, B., Crow, J. A, Blair, I A, and Ong, D E. (1989) Purification, primary structure characterization, and cellular-distribution of 2 forms of cellular retinol-binding protein, type-II from adult-rat small-intestme. J Biol. Chem. 264,4212-4221... 

The number of reports about hemicelluloses that have been covered by this review indicates the significantly increased importance of all types of hemicelluloses as plant constituents and isolated polymers during the last decade. Attention has been paid not only to known hemicelluloses but also to the primary structure, physicochemical, physical, and various functional properties of hemicelluloses isolated from hitherto uninvestigated plants. The efforts to exploit a variety of plant as potential sources of hemicelluloses were pointed out particularly for agricultural crops, wood wastes, as well as for by-products of pulp and rayon fiber technologies. Many studies were devoted to characterize seed-storage hemicelluloses from plants that have been traditionally applied in food and medicine of many underdeveloped countries to find substitutes for imported commercial food giuns. 

On the basis of primary sequence considerations, 7Fe Fds can be subdivided into at least two major classes. The first class (Azotobacter-type) is typified by the structurally characterized A. vinelandii Fdl (18, 69, 123, 124) and has two groups of coordinating cysteine residues with consensus sequences of -C-X2-X-K-X3-C-Xg-g-P-V- and -g-Xs-C-Xs-Q-Xg-C-P- for the first and second groupings, respectively. The C and C residues ligate the [FegS4] and [Fe4S4l clusters, respectively, and the X residue is C, V, T, or E see Table II. In addition to the anomalous arrangement of cysteine resi-... 

In 1990, work was started to characterize the human genome which had been shown to consist of about 3 billion base pairs. The final result was announced in the year 2000. All of the chromosomes have been characterized. The human genome has been shown to contain some 30,000 genes (which are sections of the chromosome which code for specific proteins). Each cell produces the t T)e of proteins needed for it to function. The function of mRNA is to transfer information from the DNA. so as is to fix the limits of the protein needed. The vast majority of the proteins found in living organisms are composed of only 20 different kinds of amino acids, repeated many times and strung together in a particular order. Each type of protein has its own unique sequence of amino acids. This sequence, known as its primary structure, actually... 

Primary structure analysis of phenylphosphate carboxylase of T. aromatica is performed in detail, to clarify the reaction mechanism involving four kinds of subunits. The a, (3, y, 8 subunits have molecular masses of 54, 53, 18, and lOkDa, respectively, which make up the active phenylphosphate carboxylase. The primary structures of a and (3 subunits show homology with 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase, 4-hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase, and vanil-late decarboxylase, whereas y subunit is unique and not characterized. The 18kDa 8 subunit belongs to a hydratase/phosphatase protein family. Taking 4-hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase into consideration, Schiihle and Fuchs postulate that the a(3y core enzyme catalyzes the reversible carboxylation. ... 

Purification, characterization and primary structure determination of aldoxime dehydratase ... 

Ruetschi U, B Odelhdg, S Lindstedt, J Barros-Soderling, B Persson, H Jornvall (1992) Characterization of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase. Primary structure of the Pseudomonas enzyme. EurJ Biochem 205 459-466. 

Simons BH, P Barnett, EGM Vollenbroek, HL Dekker, AO Muijsers, A Messerschmidt, R Wever (1995) Primary structure and characterization of the vanadium chloroperoxidase from the fungus Curvularia inaequalis. Eur J Biochem 229 566-574. 

The first structurally characterized example of a platinum(II) derivative containing a saturated tetraamine macrocycle, 6,13-dimethyl-l,4,8,ll-tetraazacyclotetradecane-6,13-diamine has been reported (80).251 The species crystallizes as the colorless tetra-cationic complex from dilute HC104 solution by slow evaporation, where the two pendant primary amines are protonated. Other macrocyclic tetraamine complexes including [Pt([14]aneN4)]Cl2 have also been described.252... 

Kanai, Y. and M. A. Hediger. Primary structure and functional characterization of a high-affinity glutamate transporter. Nature 1992, 360, 467-471. 

Only a small number of heavier group 1 metal primary amides has been structurally characterized. Table 2 lists six compounds, three containing sodium and three containing cesium. The structures characterized contain the well-established M2N2 ring motif to build dimers 280 and 281, a tetrameric cubane 282, and polymers 283-285. The... 

Alkaline-earth amides of group 2 elements from Be to Ba have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Primary amides can be... 

Gottschalk TE, Mikkelsen JD, Nielsen JE, Nielsen KK, Brunstedt J. Immunolocal-ization and characterization of a P-1.3-glucanase in sugar beet, deduction of its primary structure and nucleotide sequence by cDNA and genomic cloning. Plant Sci 1998 132 153-167. 

ExPASy Proteomics tools (http //expasy.org/tools/), tools and online programs for protein identification and characterization, similarity searches, pattern and profile searches, posttranslational modification prediction, topology prediction, primary structure analysis, or secondary and tertiary structure prediction. 

Smaller diameter probes reduce sample volumes from 500 to 600 pi typical with a 5 mm probe down to 120-160 pi with a 3 mm tube. By reducing the sample volume, the relative concentration of the sample can be correspondingly increased for non-solubility limited samples. This dramatically reduces data acquisition times when more abundant samples are available or sample quantity requirements when dealing with scarce samples. At present, the smallest commercially available NMR tubes have a diameter of 1.0 mm and allow the acquisition of heteronuclear shift correlation experiments on samples as small as 1 pg of material, for example in the case of the small drug molecule, ibu-profen [5]. In addition to conventional tube-based NMR probes, there are also a number of other types of small volume NMR probes and flow probes commercially available [6]. Here again, the primary application of these probes is the reduction of sample requirements to facilitate the structural characterization of mass limited samples. Overall, many probe options are available to optimize the NMR hardware configuration for the type and amount of sample, its solubility, the nucleus to be detected as well as the type and number of experiments to be run. 

As metabolic pathways became clearer, the detailed study of the enzymes involved was facilitated by the introduction of new procedures for isolation, purification, and characterization of proteins. Developments in chromatography in the early 1940s and the introduction of gel electrophoresis allowed more efficient methods to be used to separate proteins and to analyze their primary structure, so that Sanger was able, by 1953, to report the primary structure of insulin (Chapter 10). 

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