Primary reactions occurring during

The primary reactions occurring during hydrotreating are (43) desulfurization of sulfides, polysulftdes, mercaptans, and thiophene as exemplified by... 

The primary interaction occurring during a photochemical process is between light and an analyte, such as a molecule, ion, atom, etc. The reaction is often written in the generalized form... 

Recently, FTIR spectroscopy studies have been reported which support the above observations. Moacanin et al 3) concluded that two reactions dominate the TC3fDA/DDS cure epoxy-primary amine addition is the principal reaction occurring during the early stage of cure followed by the epoxy-hydroxyl addition reaction. Indeed they find that the rate of epoxy-hydroxyl addition is at least an order of magnitude slower than for the epoxy-primary amine reaction at 177 C. Furthermore, Morgan et al (4) report that the epoxysecondary amine addition and epoxy-epoxy homopolymerization reactions also occur at 177°C but at rates that are approximately 10 and 200 times slower, respectively, than the epoxy-primary amine react ion. 

Fig. 8.6. Proton-induced decomposition of /(/-substituted carbamic acid B into carbon dioxide and a primary ammonium trifluoroacetate—a reaction occuring during the acidic deprotection of a Boc-pro-tected amine.

Scheme 1. Schematic description of primary processes occurring during a semiconductor photocatalyzed redox reaction. The thick vertical bar symbolizes the solid/liquid interface. For the sake of simplicity emissive and photocorrosive processes are omitted. (1) Light absorption and primary charge recombination (2) charge trapping at unreactive or (3) reactive surface sites (4, 5) secondary charge recombination (6, 7) IFET processes (8) back electron transfer (9, 10) secondary reactions.

Braude and Forbes found that primary and secondary alcohols contam-ing two or more ethylenic or aromatic substituents conjugated with the carbinol group are oxidized by (2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazine salts they suggested that the same kind of reaction occurs during osazone formation. 

It is clear from these results that the formation of ethylenic unsaturation, peroxides, and cross-linked gel are primary processes associated with the shear-induced mechanochemical reactions occuring during the first minute of processing. The lower the temperature, the higher the... 

When sodium vapour reacts with stannic chloride, bromide or iodide [89], a continuous chemOuminescence, which is emitted during the primary reaction, occurs. It was pointed out that neither Class I nor Class II mechanisms were applicable. The explanation suggested [55, 89] is the formation of SnCls radicals followed by a luminescent disproportionation reaction, the luminescence being associated with an electronic transition from the Sn" CI2 passing to the stable Sn Cl2 state... 

Reactions occurring during corrosion are conveniently divided into those taking place at the anode and those taking place at the cathode. The reactions may be (and usually are) more extensive and complex than the primary oxidation reduction half-reactions. Let us consider the corrosion of a piece of iron pipe. The basic galvanic cell is illustrated in Fig. 7-12. 

The major cause of differences in the carbon isotope ratio in plants is closely associated with differences in the pathway of photosynthetic carbon metabolism in the plants, particularly the reaction occurring during the primary carboxylation. 

Observational studies In an observational study in 51 patients with primary immunodeficiencies with 642 infusions, drug-related adverse reactions occurred during six infusions in four patients none was serious [51 ]. In another study in 46 patients with primary immunodeficiency, 20% of the 601 infusions were associated with treatment-related adverse events, none of which was serious. Of the treatment-related adverse events, 59% were categorized as mild, 36% as moderate, and 5% as severe most were transient [44. In a safety study in 208 patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), 113 patients were exposed to 1096 infusions of intravenous immunoglobulin 55% had drug-related adverse events, an adverse event rate of 18 per 100 infusions, with five serious adverse reactions during the 1-year study [45. ... 

As mentioned in Section 8.4.3.1., the majority of hydroxy groups in a polyether triol are secondary groups and are comparatively unreactive towards isocyanates. It is therefore necessary to select a catalyst which favours the formation of urethane links relatively more than the formation of gas by the reaction of isocyanate and water. Tin compounds (e.g., stannous octoate and dibutyltin dilaurate) are particularly effective in this respect (cf.. Table 14.3) and are very widely used. In addition to the primary isocyanate-polyol and isocyanate-water reactions, several secondary reactions occur during the preparation of foam. As shown in Section 14.4, the final product may contain allophanate, biuret, isocyanurate and uretidione links. It will be appreciated that in a polymeric system, which is based on a diisocyanate, all of these links (except uretidione) represent points of branching or cross-linking. These secondary reactions are particularly favoured by tertiary amines (e.g., triethylenediamine and 4-dimethylaminopyridine) and these catalysts therefore contribute to the final cross-linking of the foam and hence to the achievement of, for example, a low compression set. Mixtures of tin compounds and tertiary amines are more... 

Lithiated indoles can be alkylated with primary or allylic halides and they react with aldehydes and ketones by addition to give hydroxyalkyl derivatives. Table 10.1 gives some examples of such reactions. Entry 13 is an example of a reaction with ethylene oxide which introduces a 2-(2-hydroxyethyl) substituent. Entries 14 and 15 illustrate cases of addition to aromatic ketones in which dehydration occurs during the course of the reaction. It is likely that this process occurs through intramolecular transfer of the phenylsulfonyl group. 

Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis, the reactions by which light energy is converted to metabolically useful chemical energy in the form of ATP. These reactions occur on the thylakoid membranes. The formation of carbohydrate from CO9 takes place in the stroma. Oxygen is evolved during photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are the primary source of energy in the light. 

Another deviation from the normal displacement reaction of primary tosylates occurs in nucleoside derivatives (39, 81) where cyclonucleosides and anhydronucleosides are formed by participation of a nitrogen atom (as in purine nucleosides) and oxygen atom (as in pyrimidine nucleosides ), respectively. Iodonucleosides can result from these reactions only if these cyclic compounds are prone to attack by iodide ion. Several new examples of unexpected reactions during the solvolysis of sulfonate esters in sugar derivatives have been recorded in the past few years (2, 4,5,7,15,44,62,63,94). 

Yet a final limitation to the Friedel-Crafts reaction is that a skeletal rearrangement of the alkyl carbocation electrophile sometimes occurs during reaction, particularly when a primary alkyl halide is used. Treatment of benzene with 1-chlorobutane at 0 °C, for instance, gives an approximately 2 1 ratio of rearranged (sec-butyl) to unrearranged (butyl) products. 

As part of the ongoing assessment during the administration of naloxone, the nurse monitors the blood pressure, pulse, and respiratory rate at frequent intervals, usually every 5 minutes, until the patient responds. After the patient has shown response to the drug, the nurse monitors vital signs every 5 to 15 minutes. The nurse should notify tlie primary healdi care provider if any adverse drug reactions occur because additional medical treatment may be needed. The nurse monitors die respiratory rate, rhydun, and depdi pulse blood pressure and level of consciousness until the effects of die narcotics wear off. 

The nurse can ask the patient or a family member about adverse drug reactions or any other problems occurring during dierapy. The nurse then brings these reactions or problems to the attention of the primary healdi care provider. The nurse documents a general summary of the patient s outward behavior and any complaints or problems in die patient s record. The nurse tiien compares notations to previous notations and observations. 

Monitoring and Managing Adverse Drug Reactions Bleeding at virtually any site can occur during tiierapy with any heparin preparation, even the LMWHs. The nurse monitors the patient s vital signs every 2 to 4 hours or as ordered by the primary health care provider. 

During the first 30 minutes of infusion of a fat solution, the nurse carefully observesthe patient for difficulty in breathing, headache, flushing, nausea, vomiting, or signs of a hypersensitivity reaction. If any of these reactions occur, the nurse dis-continuesthe inf us on and immediately notifies the primary health care provider. 

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