Primary morphology

Most of the primary morphology development is arrested at gelation of the a-phase. 

Paraffin-embedded tissue, which is used for the primary morphologic diagnosis of breast carcinoma, also lends itself to a variety of antibody tests. These tests not only shed a great deal of light on the biology of the disease but also serve as a cutting-edge medium for the development of tests that may have an impact on how the disease is treated. 

It is within this framework of factors that processing, and research into and use of it, and materials research are successfully taking place. Making use of these inherent properties, i.e. accepting the fact of insolubility and globular primary morphology, nevertheless requires optimum raw materials the polymerisation of especially pure (as free as possible from structural defects and adsorbed substances) insoluble ICPs, while not the subject of this section, is an essential precondition for further processing. 

Figure 22 shows the increase in the volume fraction of dispersed phase, after the cloud point is reached, as a function of the overall conversion of epoxide groups in the system. Most of the primary morphology is generated in... 

In general, if we don t know what happens with the primary morphological surface, we don t know a crucial aspect of development. Unfortunately, in many publications on gynoecium and other floral structures this aspect is not studied. 

Contrary to prevailing opinion, our strategic approach is based on the conviction that the macroscopic properties of a material cannot be explained in terms of molecular properties alone. It takes the correct chemical structure, the appropriate morphology, and finally the interaction between the polymer chains and the primary morphological units right up to the macroscopic morphology level to make up the totality of the properties of a material including its electrical properties. 

Fig. 19.22 The original globular primary morphology has disappeared and is replaced by a new compact, highly oriented, and obviously rodlike morphology.

Although visual and microscopical examination, together with simple manual tests, are stiU the primary methods of identification, there are many new sophisticated instmmental methods available based on chemical and physical properties. These methods are able to distinguish between closely related fibers which differ only in chemical composition or morphology. 

The physical techniques used in IC analysis all employ some type of primary analytical beam to irradiate a substrate and interact with the substrate s physical or chemical properties, producing a secondary effect that is measured and interpreted. The three most commonly used analytical beams are electron, ion, and photon x-ray beams. Each combination of primary irradiation and secondary effect defines a specific analytical technique. The IC substrate properties that are most frequendy analyzed include size, elemental and compositional identification, topology, morphology, lateral and depth resolution of surface features or implantation profiles, and film thickness and conformance. A summary of commonly used analytical techniques for VLSI technology can be found in Table 3. 

Nickel—Iron. A large amount of nickel is used in alloy and stainless steels and in cast irons. Nickel is added to ferritic alloy steels to increase the hardenabihty and to modify ferrite and cementite properties and morphologies, and thus to improve the strength, toughness, and ductihty of the steel. In austenitic stainless steels, the nickel content is 7—35 wt %. Its primary roles are to stabilize the ductile austenite stmcture and to provide, in conjunction with chromium, good corrosion resistance. Nickel is added to cast irons to improve strength and toughness. 

Fig. 10. Preparation and morphology of toughened PVC (a) secondary PVC grain (50—250 flm) (b) modified PVC with coherent primary grain (ca 1 -lm) (220). CPE = chlorinated polyethylene EVA = ethylene—vinyl acetate copolymers ABS = acrylonitrile—butadiene—styrene MBS = methyl...

Characterization. The proper characterization of coUoids depends on the purposes for which the information is sought because the total description would be an enormous task (27). The foUowiag physical traits are among those to be considered size, shape, and morphology of the primary particles surface area number and size distribution of pores degree of crystallinity and polycrystaUinity defect concentration nature of internal and surface stresses and state of agglomeration (27). Chemical and phase composition are needed for complete characterization, including data on the purity of the bulk phase and the nature and quaHty of adsorbed surface films or impurities. 

Several features of secondary nucleation make it more important than primary nucleation in industrial crystallizers. First, continuous crystallizers and seeded batch crystallizers have crystals in the magma that can participate in secondary nucleation mechanisms. Second, the requirements for the mechanisms of secondary nucleation to be operative are fulfilled easily in most industrial crystallizers. Finally, low supersaturation can support secondary nucleation but not primary nucleation, and most crystallizers are operated in a low supersaturation regime that improves yield and enhances product purity and crystal morphology. 

It has been established that, when mesophase pitch is carbonized, the morphology of the pitch is the primary factor [20] in determining the microstructure of the resulting graphitic material. This may be attributed to the stacking behavior of mesophase molecules (quite similar to the planar stacking in turbostratic graphite), which may be visualized as shown in Fig. 5. 

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