Primary members

For primary members (external walls, roof slabs, etc.), the load computation is performed in accordance with Chapter 3. Loads on supporting, or interior members, are determined either by I. the tributary area method or 2, from a computed dynamic reaction. In the tributary area method, external blast pressures are multiplied by the exterior surface area tributary to a support location. The resulting force is then applied to the next member. Dynamic reactions result from a numerical time history analysis (refer to Section 6.5.3) and provide a more accurate time-varying load on the supporting member. 

The facility manager, in cooperation with the Emergency Preparedness Team, assigns people, by their title or function at the facility, to the EMO, with designated alternates for each EMO function. The duties and responsibilities of each EMO function are defined and documented in the ERP. Because there must be a functional EMO in place regardless of when a facility emergency occurs, designated shift personnel take specific EMO responsibilities until the primary members can reach the site. 

The IL-1 family is also called the immunoglobulin superfamily. The IL-IR family includes both transmembrane and soluble proteins withan immunoglobuhn-like structure. There are four primary members of the IL-1 family IL-la, IL-1 [3, IL-18, and IL-lRa. IL-1 ligands (IL-la and IL-1[3, collectively referred to as IL-1) are potent pro-inflammatory cytokines that induce genes associated with inflammation and autoimmune disease. IL-lRa, on the other hand, is the specific receptor antagonist for IL-la and IL-1 [3 but not for IL-18. 

Reducible Substrates. The proton and the compounds shown in Figure 3 represent the seven distinct classes of substrates reducible by N >sise, Characteristics of the reductions of the primary member of each class will be described, followed by information on reduction of analogs and a summary of the general characteristics of N ase-catalyzed reductions. 

In contrast, the supporting members of a supply chtiin are comptmies that simply provide resources, knowledge, utilities, or assets for the primary members of the supply chtiin. 

The same company can perform both primary and supportive activities. Likewise, the same company can perform primary activities related to one process and supportive activities related to another process. An example from one of the case studies is an OEM that buys some critical and complex production equipment from a supplier. When the OEM develops new products, it works very closely with the equipment supplier, and thus the supplier is a primary member of the OEM s product-development process. However, when looking at the manufacturing flow management process, the supplier is a supportive and not a primary member, since supplying the equipment does not in itself add value to the output of the processes, even though the equipment does add value. 

In this stage, we also train managers on a number of organizing principles that facilitate inclusion. In addition to the proximity principle, we emphasize the rule that no decision should be made about a function without prior consultation with the people who perform that function. Furthermore, we describe the importance of cross-level and cross-department teams. Each team that is constructed within the organization should comprise individuals from one hierarchical layer above and one below the primary members, and whenever possible it should also involve relevant stakeholders in different departments or functions (cf. Erickson, 2000). Such structural changes provide the necessary mechanisms for multidirectional information sharing. 

External loads are imposed on a bonded joint or structure by the dead weight of the structure and its contents, accumulated snow, wind, and people. The average stresses in a joint created by these loads can be calculated from structural analysis, but the maximum stress at joint edges is more difficult to determine. These stresses have been examined in some detail. Discussions by Walsh and others [63] and Glos and Horstmann [40] of the effects of external forces on the stresses in bonded wood lap joints are notable. Walsh and others applied plastic failure and fracture mechanics criteria to study the effects of the ratio of lap length (T) to primary member thickness (T) on the average failure stress of... 

Halocarbon plastic ha-b- kar-b9n- (1950) n. A term fisted by ASTM (D 883) to mean a polymer containing only carbon and one or more halogens. The primary members of the family are the chlorofluorocarbon and fluorocarbon resins. 

Numerous design considerations affected the size, orientation, and positioning of the components and subsequent assemblies. Design information and constraints were gathered by area of expertise from NRPCT members, from vendors, and from primary members of the Prometheus Project, (i.e., JPL and NGST). Some of the considerations are coilected in Section 5.3. 

As previously indicated, formaldehyde monohydrate has the chemical structure of methylene glycol, CHs(OH)2, the primary member of the homologous series of glycols. Its formation by the reaction of formalde hyde with water is analogous to that of ethylene glycol by the reaction of... 

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