Premature rupture of membranes

Bacterial vaginosis is a risk factor for premature rupture of membranes, preterm labor, preterm birth, spontaneous abortion, and postpartum endometritis. 

Complications Epididymitis and chronic prostatitis (uncommon) Male infertility (decreased sperm motility and viability) Pelvic inflammatory disease and associated complications (i.e., ectopic pregnancy, infertility) Premature labor, premature rupture of membranes, and low-birth-weight infants (risk of neonatal infections is low) Cervical neoplasia... 

In a retrospective study of the benefits and risks of multiple courses of glucocorticoids in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes, 170 preterm singleton infants were evaluated (381). They were divided into three groups non-use (n — 50), single courses (.n — 76), and multiple courses (n — 44). There was a higher incidence of chorioamnionitis those who had received multiple courses. 

Vermillion ST, Soper DE, Chasedunn-Roark J. Neonatal sepsis after betamethasone administration to patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999 181(2) 320-7. 

Yang SH, Choi SJ, Roh CR, Kim JH. Multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroid therapy in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes. J Perinat Med 2004 32 42-8. 

From what I can judge, the Maoris were trying an unauthorized type of "external cephalic version (ECV) —basically, when obstetricians attempt to manipulate the fetus into the proper position from the outside. It has about a 60 percent success rate. Because of the small but very frightening risk of premature rupture of membranes, fetal distress, and other complications, it is highly recommended ECV take place in a hospital, when the pregnancy is thirty-seven weeks (term, but the baby is still small enough to have room to move), with facilities for an emergency cesarean at the ready. Amniotic fluid levels should be normal. 

Refuerzo JS, Sokol RJ, Blackwell SC, Berry SM, Janisse JJ, Sorokin Y. Cocaine use and preterm premature rupture of membranes improvement in neonatal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002 186(6) 1150-4. 

The rate of pregnancy induction ranges from 9.5% to 33.5%. The most common reason for induction is postdatism (>42 weeks), which occurs in 10% of all pregnancies. Other reasons for induction include suspected fetal growth retardation, maternal hypertension, premature rupture of membranes with no active onset of labor, or social factors. Contraindications for induction include placenta previa, oblique or transverse lie, pelvic structure abnormality, prolapsed umbilical cord, and active herpes. The concerns associated with induction of labor are that the labor may be ineffective or that side effects such as uterine hyperstimulation may adversely affect the infant, increasing the likelihood of cesarean section. 

Davis, L. 1984. The use of castor oil to stimulate labor in patients with premature rupture of membranes. /. Nurse Midwifery 29(6) 366-370. 

Espinoza J. Anitmicrobial peptides in amniotic fluid defensins, calprotectin and bacterial permeability-increasing protein in patients with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity, intra-amniotic inflammation, preterm labor, and premature rupture of membranes. J Matem Fetal Neonatal Med 2003 13 2-21. 

Premature rupture of membranes with chorioamnionitis and placentitis (contamination of the amniotic fluid by bacteria from vagina)... 

Abbreviations, Obstetrical Outcomes Death late foetal, stillborn, or neonatal GA Preterm delivery or gestational age PROM premature rupture of membranes. 

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