Pregnancy threatened abortion

Progesterone Hormone produced naturally by corpus luteum, adrenals and placenta. Serum half-life is only a few minutes Dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Sustaining pregnancy in threatening abortion... 

Epidemiological studies on the complications of the use of diethylstilbestrol in pregnancy will certainly produce new data as time goes on most of the data will probably continue to come from the USA and the Netherlands, where diethylstilbestrol was much more widely used to treat habitual or threatened abortion than elsewhere. In France 150 000-200 000 pregnancies were involved in the Netherlands, with a much smaller population, 180 000-380 000 pregnant women were treated with diethylstilbestrol up to 1976. 

There is no indication for estrogen therapy during pregnancy or during the immediate postpartum period. Estrogens are ineffective for the prevention or treatment of threatened or habitual abortion. Estrogens are not indicated for the... 

Adverse reactions associated with their administration include hypertension, headache, and possible seizures. Nausea, vomiting, chest pains, difficulties in breathing, and leg cramps also have been reported. These alkaloids should not be used in cases of threatened spontaneous abortion or in patients with known allergies to the drugs. Contraindications generally include angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, pregnancy, and a history of a cerebrovascular accident, transient ischemic attack, or hypertension. 

Normal reproduction and development require signaling within and between a variety of diverse organs, and, in sexual reproduction and mammalian pregnancy, critical communication even takes place between distinctly different organisms (i.e. male and female and mother and offspring, respectively) (Evans, 2007). It should be remembered that premature parturition or abortion can be induced by any circumstances which cause fetal or, potentially, maternal stress and initiate the cascade of endocrine and neural signaling events which would normally lead to parturition. Any sublethal intoxication or emotionally traumatic event in a pregnant woman or animal has the potential to threaten fetal survival. 

Diethylstilbestrol was used extensively in pregnancies between 1940 and about 1975, in the belief that it could protect threatened pregnancies and counter the risk of spontaneous abortion. Toward the end of that period, increasingly clear evidence emerged that diethylstilbestrol could have an adverse effect on the second generation that... 

B. Black widow envenomation in pregnancy may cause abdominal muscle spasms severe enough to threaten spontaneous abortion or early onset of... 

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