Prefixes phenols

A suggestion was made to name condensation polymers synthesized from two different monomers by following the prefix poly with parentheses enclosing the names of the two reactants, with the names of the reactants separated by the term -co-. Thus, the polymer in Eq. 1-7 would be named poly(phenol-co-formaldehyde). This suggestion did not gain acceptance. 

Benzene derivatives are named by prefixing the name of the substituent group to the word benzene, e.g. chlorobenzene and nitrobenzene. Many benzene derivatives have trivial names, which may show no resemblance to the name of the attached substituent group, e.g. phenol, toluene and aniline. 

TAR ACID. Any mixture of phenols present in tars or tar distillates and extractable by caustic soda solutions. Usually refers to tar acids from coal tar and includes phenol, cresols, and xylenols. When applie d to die products from other tars it should be qualified by the appropriate prefix, e.g., wood tar acid, lignite tar acid, etc. See also Coal Tar and Derivatives. 

Simple phenolics are substituted phenols. The ortho, meta and para nomenclature refers to a 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-substitution pattern of the benzene ring, respectively, where in this case one of the functional groups is the hydroxyl group. With three functional groups, the substitution pattern can be 1,3,5, which, when all three substituents are identical, is designated as a mt /fl-tri-substitution pattern, whereas the 1,2,6, substitution pattern is indicated by the prefix v/c (Figure 1-1). 

Hydroxylamines and Oximes. For RNH—OH compounds, prefix the name of the radical R to hydroxylamine. If another substituent has priority as principal group, attach the prefix hydroxyamino- to the parent name. For example, C6II5NIIOII would be named A-phenylhydroxylamine, but HOC6H4NHOH would be (hydroxyamino)phenol, with the point of attachment indicated by a locant preceding the parentheses. 

Pyro-catechinol, i-2-Di-hydro3iy Benzene.—The ortho-di-hydroxy benzene is known as pyro-catechinol or pyro-catechin. The first name is preferable as the termination ol indicates its phenol character. Its name also indicates its relation to a resin known as catechu, obtained from an acacia tree. On distillation it yields the phenol, the prefix pyro meaning heat. It is also present in the dry distillation products of wood, coal or bituminous shale. Various plant materials such as resins and the leaves of ampelopsis yield it by alkali fusion. It is also associated with phenol as a sulphuric acid ester in the urine of horses. 

The prefix hydroxy- should be universally adopted to express the alcohol or phenol function. In German and several other languages (presumably under the influence of the Beilstein nomenclature) the prefix oxy- is used (Oxysauren = hydroxy acids, OxybenzoU = hydroxybenzenes). This is a relic of the old addition nomenclature, oxy- meaning an oxygen atom (trioxymethylene, phosphorus oxychloride), but organic chemical nomenclature now generally follows the principle of substitution. 

There are two alkaloids that constitute this very small subgroup. (-)-Nortenuipine (89) has only been isolated from Daphnandra tenuipes (Monimiaceae), while (-)-tenuipine (92) has been isolated from both Daphnandra tenuipes and D. dielsii (Monimiaceae). The "nor" designation is misleading with regard to nortenuipine, because this prefix is usually reserved for secondary amines, but in this case refers to C(7) position which is phenolic in nortenuipine and methoxylated in tenuipine. 

Whereas ethers of monohydric alcohols or phenols are denoted by alkoxy-, aryloxy-, efe., prefixes or as the -yl -yl ether (with the radical prefixes in alphabetical order), those from polyhydric alcohols and phenols are handled differently. Either the monohydric component is written first, with unchanged -ol ending, as in glycerol 1-ethyl ether, glucose 2,3,6-trimethyl ether or the ether groups are added by means of 0- prefixes, as in 2,3,6-tri-O-methylglucose, 1-0-ethylpyrogallol. The same alternatives exist for esters of polyhydric alcohols. 

The nomenclature of compounds containing —S— and =8 is unsatisfactory. As stated in the list on p. 50, —SH is denoted by the suffix -thiol (which is also the generic name) or prefix mercapto-, whereas MeS— is methylthio- sulphides, e.g., MeSBu, are named as methylthiobutane or butyl methyl sulphide. Thioketones EE C=S may be named by the suffix -thione (used in the same way as -one, as in MeBu C=8 hexane-2-thione) the prefix is thioxo-. In addition, a prefix thio- is widely used to denote replacement of oxygen by sulphur, particularly for acids and phenols (cf. thioketones and thioxo- also inorganic practice, p. 18). Thiophenol and thiocresol are normally used... 

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