Powerful retailer

Vendor holds the power Retailer and vendor are partners... 

Proposition 5. There is a unique Stackelberg equilibrium solution pair in the single-period game with a powerful retailer and without starting inventory that is characterized by the following system of equations ... 

This surprising equality arises because an efficient appliance saves expensive electricity at the meter, at an average retail price of 8 cents/kWli whereas one kWh of new wholesale supply is worth only 2-3 cents at the power plant. Thus, even if electricity from some future new remote power plant is too cheap to meter, it still must be transmitted, distributed, and managed for 5—6 centsAWh. It is impossible to disentangle the contribution of standards and of accelerated improvement in technology, but clearly the combination has served society well. 

Transportation accounts for about one-fourth of the primary energy consumption in the United States. And unlike other sectors of the economy that can easily switch to cleaner natural gas or electricity, automobiles, trucks, nonroad vehicles, and buses are powered by internal-combustion engines burning petroleum products that produce carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons. Efforts are under way to accelerate the introduction of electric, fuel-cell, and hybrid (electric and fuel) vehicles to replace sonic of these vehicles in both the retail marketplace and in commercial, government, public transit, and private fleets. These vehicles dramatically reduce harmful pollutants and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by as much as 50 percent or more compared to gasoline-powered vehicles. 

Wiser, R. Fans,. Porter, K and Houston, A. (1999). Green Power Marketing m Retail Competition An Early Assessment. NREL/TP.620.25939. Golden, CO National Renewable Energy Laboratoty . 

The electricity mdustiy is m the midst of a transition from a vertically integrated and regulated monopoly to an entity in a competitive market where retail customers choose the suppliers of their electricity. The change started in 1978, when the Public Utility Regulatoiy Act (PURPA) made it possible for nonutility power generators to enter the wholesale market. 

The term rechargeable consumer product (a) means a product that, when sold retail, includes a regulated battery as a primary energy supply and which is primarily intended for 1 kW personal or household use, but (b) does not include a product that uses only a battery as a sole source of backup power for memory or program instruction storage, timekeeping, or any other similar purpose that requires uninterrupted electrical power, in order to function if the primary energy supply fails or fluctuates momentarily. 

Industry too has contributed toward the establishment of an international consensus. According to Mardsen and Arce (1995,1274) the retail and corporate sector is often the forerunner in the regulation of food safety and quality. In this way, public opinion and consumer choice give large retailers great power in setting standards for their suppliers (Murdock, Marsden Banks, 2000, p. 109). 

The range of economic products necessary for managing the contemporary lawn is mind-boggling. The economy includes, but is by no means restricted to, power and nonpower tool makers, seed growers, turf farms, raw chemical producers and chemical formulators, the retail outlets that supply many of these goods, the global workshops that produce them, and the offices that imagine, execute, and advertise their diverse forms. 

Fig. 1.1 A novel vision of refueling/retail station for fuel ceU-powered vehicles based on the concept of the off-board recharging of spent hydride fuel and the mechanochemical synthesis of nanostructured hydrogen storage materials in baU-miU plants. Such is not the currently accepted vision of hydrogen economy but one which may turn out to be viable alternative to onboard...

Power costs are estimated using a retail electricity rate of 0.06/kWh. 

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