Power system regulation

Regulation is a subject that regularly occurs in power systems. Regulation is a measure of the voltage drop in a device or circuit. It compares the volt-drop at fuU-load with the terminal voltage at no-load, both of which can be obtained for a transformer from simple factory tests. 

Another important application of capacitors is to improve the oltage regiiltition of a power supply systetn. The regulation of a power system at the receiving end is defined bv... 

Power reactors are similar to transformers. However, they have only one winding per phase and can be represented as shown in Figure 27.1. They are employed to perform a number of functions, primarily to control and regulate the reactive power of a power system by supplying the inductive and absorbing the capacitive power. Control can be achieved in different ways as noted later. The reactors, depending upon their design and l-(p characteristics, can be classified as follows ... 

Application of series capacitors and analysis of an uncompensated transmission line and the capability of power transfer and system regulation with and without series compensation are also presented. 

For those produets that have many diverse modules that ean be reeonfigured over the life of the produet, sueh as PCB eard eage systems and eellular telephone ground stations, ete., then the distributed power system is more appropriate. This type of system typieally has one main bulk power supply that provides power to a bus whieh is distributed throughout the entire produet. The power needs of any one module within the system are provided by smaller, board-level regulators. Flere, voltage drops experieneed aeross eonneetors and wiring within the system do not bother the eireuits. 

See also-. Climatic Effects Consumption Domestic Energy Use Electric Motor Systems Electric Power, Generation of Electric Power, System Protection, Control, and Monitoring of Electric Power Substations Electric Power Transmission and Distribution Systems Government and the Energy Marketplace Regulation and Rates for Electricity. 

Pressure regulators, often referred to as unloading valves, are used in fluid power systems to regulate pressure. In hydraulic systems, the pressure regulator is used to unload the pump and to maintain or regulate system pressure at the desired values. 

There have also been revivals of the steam car. Robert McCulloch, the chain-saw millionaire, spent part of his fortune on a steam prototype, called the Paxton Phoenix, between 1951 and 1954. William Lear of Learjet fame, spent 15 million in 1969 on a turbine bus and a 250-horsepower turbine steam car. Both used quiet, efficient steam engines although the bus had reliability problems and poor gas mileage. Lear also tried to enter a steam car into the 1969 Indianapolis 500. The British firm of Austin-Healey was also working on a steam car in 1969. It had four-wheel drive. However, even prosperous entrepreneurs like McCulloch and Lear found that they lacked the means and support structure to successfully mass market a competitive car. Alternative power systems would have to wait until air-quality regulations resulted in some breakthroughs with hybrid and even fuel-cell cars. 

Fig. 5.15 Valve-regulated battery for standby power in telecommunications, (By courtesy of AT T Laboratories Power Systems,)...

Prostaglandins are fatty acid derivatives that are even more powerful biochemical regulators than steroids. They are called prostaglandins because they were first isolated from secretions of the prostate gland. They were later found to be present in all body tissues and fluids, usually in minute quantities. Prostaglandins affect many body systems, including the nervous system, smooth muscle, blood, and the reproductive system. They play important roles in regulating such diverse functions as blood... 

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