Power industry discharge

If the puncture occurs on the vessel or on a line shorter than 0.5 m, the discharge is likely to be nonhomogeneous, meaning the gas and liquid velocities are not equal and the phases are not likely to be in equilibrium. For this case, various models have been developed, including some of considerable complexity, accounting for interphase heat, mass, and momentum transfer. These are generally used in the nuclear power industry. For most engineering applications, simpler models suffice. A reasonably simple nonequilibrium model (NEM) is developed here. We also provide an HEM for orifice flow, since it helps to develop the HEM for pipe flow, and its inaccuracies may at times be tolerable. 

The establishment of a nuclear power industry based on fission reactors involves the production of a number of materials that have only recently acquired commercial importance, notably uranium, thorium, zirconium, and heavy water, and on the operation of a number of novel chemical engineering processes, inciuding isotope separation, separation of metals by solvent extraction, and the separation and purification of intensely radioactive materials on a large scale. This text is concerned primarily with methods for producing the special materials used in nuclear fission reactors and with processes for separating isotopes and reclaiming radioactive fuel discharged from nuclear reactors. 

Inoue, A. 1983. Study on propagation characteristics of high-voltage traveling waves with corona discharge. CRIEPI Report 114 by Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry Report (in Japanese). 

These devices are replacing the older tank and spiral-conveyor devices. Better provisions for speed and ease of fill and discharge (without powered rotation) minimize downtime to make this batch-operated device attractive. Heat-transfer coefficients ranging from 28 to 200 W/(m °C) [5 to 35 Btu/(h fF °F)] are obtained. However, if caking on the heat-transfer walls is serious, then values may drop to 5.5 or 11 W/(m °C) [1 or 2 Btu/(h fH °F)], constituting a misapplication. The double cone is available in a fairly wide range of sizes and construction materials. The users are the fine-chemical, pharmaceutical, and biological-preparation industries. 

Although the corrosivity may not be high provided the condensed moisture remains uncontaminated, this rarely happens in practice, and in marine environments sea salts are naturally present not only from direct spray but also as wind-borne particles. Moreover, many marine environments are also contaminated by industrial pollution owing to the proximity of factories, port installations, refineries, power stations and densely populated areas, and in the case of ships or offshore installation superstructures by the discharge from funnels, exhausts or flares. In these circumstances any moisture will also contain S, C and N compounds. In addition, solid pollutants such as soot and dust are likely to be deposited and these can cause increased attack either directly because of their corrosive nature, or by forming a layer on the surface of the metal which can absorb and retain moisture. The hygroscopic nature of the various dissolved salts and solid pollutants can also prolong the time that the surface remains moist. 

When an industrial pipeline is to be designed, there will be no a priori way of knowing what the in-line concentration of solids or the slip velocity will be. In general, the rate at which solids are to be transported will be specified and it will be necessary to predict the pressure gradient as a function of the properties of the solid particles, the pipe dimensions and the flow velocity. The main considerations will be to select a pipeline diameter, such that the liquid velocity and concentrations of solids in the discharged mixture will give acceptable pressure drops and power requirements and will not lead to conditions where the pipeline is likely to block. 

From the beginnings of ecology as a discipline, the mining industry has been at the center of the battle over preservation versus exploitation. As discussed in the introduction to this chapter, human activities such as mining, power production from fossil fuels and discharges of industrial and municipal wastes not only increase the rate at which metals enter the biosphere but may also drastically alter the speciation of metals from what it would be in the undisturbed geologic cycle. 

The chemistry (i.e. the species and reactions included) is the same as described for the ID model. However, here the higher-order silanes Si H2n+2 and silane radicals Si H2,+ i are limited to n < 4 to reduce the computational effort. Thus, SisHy and SiyHg are representative for all silanes with n > 2. The formation of powder (large silane clusters) is not taken into account in this model. The discharge settings for the calculations shown here are a total pressure of 20 Pa, a power input of 250 W m an RF frequency of 50 MHz, and an inlet flow of 30 seem of SiHa and 30 seem of H2. This parameter set is chosen because it results in a situation where most of the silane is consumed in a large reactor. This situation is required for economic reasons in industrial applications. 

The Subpart O standards apply to units that treat or destroy hazardous waste and which meet the definition of an incinerator. An incinerator is any enclosed device that uses controlled flame combustion and does not meet the criteria for classification as a boiler, sludge dryer, carbon regeneration unit, or industrial furnace. Typical incinerators1 2 3 include rotary kilns, liquid injectors, fixed hearth units, and fluidized bed incinerators (Table 23.1). The definition of an incinerator also includes units that meet the definition of an infrared incinerator or plasma arc incinerator. An infrared incinerator is any enclosed device that uses electric-powered resistance as a source of heat and which is not listed as an industrial furnace. A plasma arc incinerator is any enclosed device that uses a high-intensity electrical discharge as a source of heat and which is not listed as an industrial furnace. 

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