Potassium sulphate , data

Mulliii, J.W. and Garside, J., 1967. Crystallization of aluminium potassium sulphate a study in the assessment of crystallizer design data I Single crystal growth rates, II Growth in a fluidised bed. Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, 45, 285-295. 

Mullin(3) has used this procedure for the design of a unit for the crystallisation of potassium sulphate at 293 K. The data are given in Table 15.5 from which it will be noted that the cross-sectional area depends linearly on the relative degree of de-supersaturation and the production rate depends linearly on the area but is independent of the height. If the production rate is fixed, then the crystalliser height may be adjusted by altering the sizes of the seed or product crystals. Mullin and Nyvlt(75) have proposed a similar procedure for mixed particle-size in a crystalliser fitted with a classifier at the product outlet which controls the minimum size of product crystals. 

Survey of the general behaviour of magnesium sulphate, potassium sulphate, and water. After noting the above data we may proceed to the more general question What is produced when the two sulphates are brought, in any proportions, into water at any temperature Still another temperature of transformation may be foreseen, deduced from a closer considerati n e ecomnos tion of sob on if. a... 

Data have also been given by H, Schiff, W. Schmidt, H. T, Barnes and A. P. Scott, J. C. G. de Marignac, E. H. Archibald, C. M. Pasca, etc, J. G, MacGregor says the sp. gr. of a soln. with tv per cent, of sodium sulphate, is 0 0091267u plus the sp. gr, of water at the temp, in question similarly for soln. with less than 2 5 per cent, potassium sulphate, 0 00816w . 0. Pulvermacher measured the sp. gr. of soln. of... 

The coal ash deposits on boiler tubes have frequently a separate zone structure with a sulphate rich layer up to 2 mm thick under the matrix of sintered ash (3 ). The outer layer is porous and it constitutes a pathway for the enrichment of alkali-metals in the deposit layer next to tube suface. The diffusable species may be sulphate, chloride, oxide or hydroxide, but the thermodynamic data W and the results of deposition measurements in coal fired boilers (Figure 3) suggest that sodium and potassium sulphates are the principal vapour species which diffuse through a porous matrix of silicate ash deposit. 

With the help of the solubility data given on page 299, it is also possible to follow the crystallisation process in a quantitative manner, and to calculate the amounts of the salts successively deposited on isothermal evaporation. Thus, when a solution containing i gram-molecule of potassium sulphate (174 3 grams) and i gram-molecule of... 

Maddrell s salt, which are interpreted as showing that kinetic effects are responsible for difficulties in converting the cyclic trimer into the linear polymeric forms. The potassium polyphosphate samples (Kurrol s salt) obtained from the fusion of potassium sulphate and phosphoric acid have chains terminated by OSOJ groups, according to i.r. spectra. Kinetic studies show a first-order dependence of polyphosphate concentration in the hydrolysis of Graham s salt to give trimetaphosphate and short-chain species. The vaporization of sodium metaphosphate from a Knudsen cell leads to predominantly monomeric, with some dimeric, species, according to mass-spectrometric data. ... 

The contradictory data relating to the strength development of Portland cement in the presence of sodium and potassium sulphates were obtained. In some reports one can find that the strength decrease take place both at early age and after 28 days [133]. There are also some quite different data showing the strength increase throughout all this period of hardening [134]. 

Several hydrodynamic models of secondary nucleation in agitated crystallizers were applied to experimental data obtained from a 6-L agitated batch crystallizer using potassium sulphate by Shamlou, Jones and Djamarani (1990). They concluded that the secondary nuclei were produced by an attrition process with a turbulent fluid-induced mechanism with critical eddies in the... 

Conveying data for the two materials was obtained from a pipeline 95 m long, of 81 mm bore and included nine long radius 90° bends. The influence of pipeline bore only is investigated, with a material flow rate of 40 tonne/h for the cement and 12 tonne/h for the potassium sulphate considered by way of example. The results are shown in Figure 4.42. 

The replacement of potassium by rubidium, or rubidium by csesium, produces a regular increase in the dimensions of the crystal, and the same regularities occur in the optical properties. The same regularities do not occur with sodium and lithium. A. Ogg and F. L. Hopwood have calculated the lengths of the sides and the volume of the unit rhomb of the crystals potassium, rubidium, and caesium sulphates from data furnished by the X-ray spectrometer they find... 

Some data are also available for the effect of the counterion of a dodecyl sulphate upon its ability to enhance the mechanical stability of natural rubber latex. As in the case of the laurates the lithium, sodium, potassium and ammonium salts are similar in behaviour, but the morpholinium salt is slightly less effective. Again, the latter effect is attributed to specific adsorption of the morpholinium cation. Calcium and magnesium dodecyl sulphates are also effective in enhancing mechanical stability, their abilities being similar to that of morpholinium dodecyl sulphate. 

The anti-HSV-1 activity of Ca-SP was assessed by plaque yield reduction and compared with those of dextran sulphate as a representative sulphated PS. These data indicate that Ca-SP is a potent antiviral agent against HSV-1, as even at low concentrations of Ca-SP, no enhancement of virus-induced syncytium formation was observed, as occurred in dextran sulphate-treated cultures. Reeently, Lee et al. [73] investigated the effects of structural modifications of Ca-SP on antiviral activity. Calcium ion binding with the anionic part of the molecule was replaeed with various metal cations, and their inhibitory effects on the replication of HSV-1 were evaluated. Replacement of calcium ion with sodium and potassium ions maintained the antiviral activity, while divalent and trivalent metal cations reduced the activity. Depolymerization of sodium spirulan with hydrogen peroxide decreased the antiviral activity as its molecular weight decreased. 

A Table of Equivalent Conductances of Electrolytes at 25°. Table III gives values of the equivalent conductances of typical electrolytes at round concentrations between 0.0005 and 0.1 normal at 25°. When not measured at the precise concentration given the values have been interpolated by means of equations of the form of (31). With the exceptions indicated by asterisks the values have been obtained with apparatus substantially as described in Chapter 3. Of these substances the alkalis present great experimental difficulties, but the values are probably correct to the number of places given. The data on nickel sulphate are included as an example of a bi-bivalent salt. All the values given are based on the conductance of 0.1 denial potassium chloride, at 25° as obtained by Jones and Bradshaw.10... 

Table III.—CavSTALLOOBAPHic Data oe Potassium amd Sodium Sulphates...

Mullin, J.W. and Sipek, M. (1982) Solubility and density isotherms for potassium aluminium sulphate water-alcohol systems. Journal of Chemical Engineering Data, 26, 164-165. 

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