Potassium glycerolate

In the case of glycerol, potassium glycerolate and water are formed ... 

The equilibrium (4.1) is shifted right, towards the formation of potassium glycerolate, by distillation of the resulting water under vacuum, at 100-130 °C. A solution of potassium glycerolate in glycerol is formed. 

Figure 4.30 Scheme for polyether polyol fabrication by anionic polymerisation of alkylene oxides, initiated by glycerol or diols (variant). 1 - Reactor for potassium glycerolate synthesis 2 - Reactor for prepolyether synthesis 3 - Reactor for polyether synthesis 4 - Reactor for purification 5 - Filter press 6 - Storage tank for final purified poly ether 7 - Heat exchangers for removal of the reaction heat 8 - Condensers 9 - Vacuum pumps 10 - Vessels for distilled water 11 - Recirculation pumps 12 - Gear pump or screw (or double screw) pump... 

Ester hydrolysis in base is called saponification, which means soap making Over 2000 years ago the Phoenicians made soap by heating animal fat with wood ashes Animal fat is rich m glycerol triesters and wood ashes are a source of potassium car bonate Basic hydrolysis of the fats produced a mixture of long chain carboxylic acids as their potassium salts... 

Before the final assembling of the apparatus, the flasks are charged as follows One kilo of freshly fused and finely powdered acid potassium sulfate, 200 g. of powdered potassium sulfate, and 300 g. of dry glycerol (Note 3) are thoroughly mixed in each of flasks B and D. In each of flasks I and M is placed about i g. of hydroquinone to act as a stabilizer for the acrolein (Moureu, Compt. rend., 170, 26 (1920)). 

The aqueous portion from which the cake of acid is removed contains free hydrochloric acid, potassium chloride, and glyceiol. The latter may be obtained by evapoiating to dryness on the water-bath, and extracting the residue with small quantities of alcohol, which dissolves out the glycerol. On evaporating the alcohol impure glycerol is left. 

Reactions.—i. Heat a few drops of glycerol with some powdered potassium hydiogen sulphate. The irritating smell of aciolein is at once perceptible. 

Acylglycerols can be hydrolyzed by heating with acid or base or by treatment with lipases. Hydrolysis with alkali is called saponification and yields salts of free fatty acids and glycerol. This is how soap (a metal salt of an acid derived from fat) was made by our ancestors. One method used potassium hydroxide potash) leached from wood ashes to hydrolyze animal fat (mostly triacylglycerols). (The tendency of such soaps to be precipitated by Mg and Ca ions in hard water makes them less useful than modern detergents.) When the fatty acids esterified at the first and third carbons of glycerol are different, the sec-... 

The Fermentation Process The process by which this antifungal substance is produced is an aerobic fermentation of an aquaous nutrient medium inoculated with a pimaricin-producing strain of Streptomycesgihrosporeus. The nutrient medium contains an assimilable source of carbon such as starch, molasses, or glycerol, an assimilable source of nitrogen such as corn steep liquor and Inorganic cations such as potassium, sodium or calcium, and anions such as sulfate, phosphate or chloride. Trace elements such as boron, molybdenum or copper are supplied as needed in the form of impurities by the other constituents of the medium. 

The alkaline product from the wood ash was a crude solution of sodium and potassium carbonates called "lye". On boiling the vegetable oil with the lye, the soap (sodium and potassium salts of long chained fatty acids) separated from the lye due to the dispersive interactions between the of the fatty acid alkane chains and were thus, called "lyophobic". It follows that "lyophobic", from a physical chemical point of view, would be the same as "hydrophobic", and interactions between hydrophobic and lyophobic materials are dominantly dispersive. The other product of the soap making industry was glycerol which remained in the lye and was consequently, termed "lyophilic". Thus, glycerol mixes with water because of its many hydroxyl groups and is very polar and hence a "hydrophilic" or "lyophilic" substance. 

Potassium permanganate Glycerol, ethylene glycol, benzaldehyde, sulphuric acid... 

The SI70 supernatant (220 ml) was made to 40 % saturation with solid ammonium sulfate, stirred for 20 min, and then the precipitate was collected by centrifugation at 15,000 g for 15 min. The precipitate was suspended in small volume of buffer B-50 at pH 7.6 containing 20 mM HEPES/KOH, 0.1 mM EDTA, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 10 % (v/v) glycerol, and 50 mM potassium acetate. The 60 % saturated ammonium sulfate solution was prepared similarly. Protein concentrations for 0 - 40 % and 40 - 60 % ammonium sulfate fractions were 4.2 mg/ml and 4.7 mg/ml, respectively. 

Viscous iiquids have difficuity in dissipating the heat produced by the beginning of a reaction. The heat can thus cause the substance to reach a temperature that is sufficient to provoke its self-ignition. It occurs in a lot of reactions involving glycerol with potassium permanganate or sodium hydride. 

Peroxides, organic Phosphorus (white) Potassium chlorate Potassium perchlorate Potassium permanganate Silver Acids (organic or mineral), avoid friction, store cold Air, oxygen Acids (see also chlorates) Acids (see also perchloric acid) Glycerol, ethylene glycol, benzaldehyde, sulphuric acid Acetylene, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, fulminic acid (produced in ethanol — nitric acid mixtures), ammonium compounds... 

Impermanent antistatic agents that are not surface-active include triethanolamine, glycerol in combination with potassium acetate, as well as inorganic salts such as lithium chloride [471]. 

A 500-ml. three-necked round-bottomed flask is fitted with an efficient reflux condenser, a glycerol-sealed mechanical stirrer,1 a dropping funnel, and a gas inlet tube extending nearly to the blades of the stirrer (Note 1). An absorption train,2 with the addition in / of a safety tube which extends nearly to the bottom, is connected to the upper end of the reflux condenser (Note 2). A 2-cm. layer of water in J allows it to serve as a bubble counter K is one-third filled with a 50% potassium hydroxide solution. The entire apparatus is set up in subdued light in a hood and swept with dry hydrogen (Notes 3 and 4). Phenyl-magnesium bromide is prepared in the flask by the usual procedure 3 from 78.5 g. (0.5 mole) of bromobenzene, 12 g. (0.5 gram... 

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