Potassium condensed electron

Butyroin has been prepared by reductive condensation of ethyl butyrate with sodium in xylene, or with sodium in the presence of chloro-trimethylsilane. and by reduction of 4,5-octanedlone with sodium l-benzyl-3-carbamoyl-l,4-dihydropyridine-4-sulfinate in the presence of magnesium chloride or with thiophenol in the presence of iron polyphthalocyanine as electron transfer agent.This acyloin has also been obtained by oxidation of (E)-4-octene with potassium permanganate and by reaction of... 

Examples of the Michael-type addition of carbanions, derived from activated methylene compounds, with electron-deficient alkenes under phase-transfer catalytic conditions have been reported [e.g. 1-17] (Table 6.16). Although the basic conditions are normally provided by sodium hydroxide or potassium carbonate, fluoride and cyanide salts have also been used [e.g. 1, 12-14]. Soliddiquid two-phase systems, with or without added organic solvent [e.g. 15-18] and polymer-supported catalysts [11] have been employed, as well as normal liquiddiquid conditions. The micellar ammonium catalysts have also been used, e.g. for the condensation of p-dicarbonyl compounds with but-3-en-2-one [19], and they are reported to be superior to tetra-n-butylammonium bromide at low base concentrations. 

Alkylation at carbon positions activated by electron-withdrawing groups is illustrated by the spiroannelation of cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone by sonication of the parent compound with potassium t-butoxide and 1,4-dibromobutane (Eq. 3.22). The so-nochemical improvement is especially large with cyclopentanone which is normally particularly prone to self-condensation [119]. 

As described, other nucleophilic reactions in the anthraquinone series also involve the production of anion-radicals. These reactions are as follows Hydroxylation of 9,10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid (Fomin and Gurdzhiyan 1978) hydroxylation, alkoxylation, and cyanation in the homoaromatic ring of 9,10-anthraquinone condensed with 2,1,5-oxadiazole ring at positions 1 and 2 (Gorelik and Puchkova 1969). These studies suggest that one-electron reduction of quinone proceeds in parallel to the main nucleophilic reaction. The concentration of anthraquinone-2-sulfonate anion-radicals, for example, becomes independent of the duration time of the reaction with an alkali hydroxide, and the total yield of the anion-radicals does not exceed 10%. Inhibitors (oxygen, potassium ferricyanide) prevent formation of anion-radicals, and the yield of 2-hydroxyanthraquinone even increases somewhat. In this case, the anion-radical pathway is not the main one. The same conclusion is made in the case of oxadiazoloanthraquinone. 

Badger and Rao reported that the treatment of the iV -oxide (45) with potassium ethoxide and ethyl oxalate in ethanol at room temperature gave none of the expected pyruvate but a little of the bispicolyl (46). It had been shown in 1954 that 2- and 4-picoline 1-oxides readily condensed with ethyl oxalate to give the pyruvates in good yield. The electron-attracting influence of the iV-oxide is known to make the... 

Figures 4 and 5 present model calculations for a Montana Rosebud coal-fired, potassium carbonate seeded combustor operated under slightly fuel-rich conditions (equivalence ratio = 1.09). Note that KPO2 and KPO3 are the dominant neutral phosphorus species at all temperatures. Negative ion chemistry is dominated by PO2 and PO3 below 2000 K, phosphorus species negative ions outnumber free electrons. The only negative ion which Is comparable in concentration to PO2 is Fe02 and then only at the upper temperature range. The sharp temperature falloff of Fe02 Is caused by the stability of condensed Iron containing species.

Claye, A.S., Nemes, N.M., Janossy, A., and Eischer, J.E. 2000. Structure and electronic properties of potassium-doped single-wall carbon nanotubes. Physical Review B Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 62, R4845-R4848. 

The best known and most studied systems in which the formation of solvated electrons is observed are the alkali metal — liquid ammonia systems. Shortly after his discovery of alkali metals, Davy initiated studies into their reactions with dry gaseous anunonia. In November 1808 he noticed that potassium assumed a beautiful metallic appearance and gradually became of a fine blue colour when heated in an ammonia atmosphere. It is today difficult to interpret the processes that occured in his experiment. Most probably, he noticed a form of the electron localized in a condensed phase. Unfortunately, this and other analogous records of Davy remained unknown for long only in 1980 were they discovered and later published... 

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