Potassium chloride theory

H. Forsterling has also calculated values for sodium and potassium chlorides from Born s theory of space lattices. 

The ammonium theory.—In the ammonium theory of H. Davy, A. M. Ampere, and J. J. Berzelius, it was assumed. that the ammonium compounds contain a metallic radicle, NH4 (4.31,38), which may replace potassium, sodium, etc., in different salts. When ammonia unites with hydrogen chloride, the NH4-radicle is formed which unites with chlorine to form ammonium chloride in the same way that potassium united with chlorine forms potassium chloride. The ammonium theory thus corresponds with the ethyl theory of J. J. Berzelius, and J. von Liebig. The nitrogen is assumed to be quinquevalent, and this is in harmony with the work of V. Meyer and M. T. Lecco, A. Ladenburg, and W. Lossen on the quaternary ammonium baseb, and with the isomorphism of the ammonium and the potassium salts. 

Study of Ternary Tablets Percolation theory has been developed for binary systems, however, drug delivery systems usually contain more than two components. The existence and behavior of the percolation thresholds in ternary pharmaceutical dosage forms have been studied [39] employing mixtures of three substances with very different hydrophilicity and aqueous solubility (Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) cross-linked, Eudragit RS-PM, and potassium chloride). 

Further support for the Onsager theory is provided by conductance measurements of a number of electrolytes made at 0 and 100 . At both temperatures the observed slope of the plot of A against Vc agrees with the calculated result within the limits of (experimental error. The slope of the curve for potassium chloride changes from 47.3 to 313.4 within the temperature range studied. 

The measurements of the Debye-Falkenhagen effect are generally made with reference to potassium chloride the results for a number of electrolytes of different valence types have been found to be in satisfactory agreement with the theoretical requirements. Increase of temperature and decrease of the dielectric constant of the solvent necessitates the use of shorter wave lengths for the dispersion of conductance to be observed these results are also in accordance with expectation from theory. 

As indicated above, the e.m.f. of a cell with transference can be regarded as made up of the potential differences at the two electrodes and the liquid junction potential. It will be seen shortly (p. 229) that each of the former may be regarded as determined by the activity of the reversible ion in the solution contained in the particular electrode. In the cell depicted above, for example, the potential difference at the left-hand electrode is dependent on the activity of the chloride ions in the potassium chloride solution of concentration Ci similarly the potential difference at the right-hand electrode depends on the chloride ion activity in the solution of concentration Cz. For sufficiently dilute solutions the activity of a given ion, according to the simple Debyc-Huckel theory, is determined by the ionic strength of the solution and is independent of the nature of the other ions present. It follows, therefore, that the electrode potentials should be the same in all cells of the type... 

A micro Carius procedure for arsenic in which the sample is digested with fuming nitric acid to form As(V), which is then determined by iodine titration, yields low results . However, when the digestion temperature and time were increased and potassium chloride was added, the end-points became sharp and the results were in close agreement with theory. 

In addition to hydrochloric acid, the results for which have just been described in detail, the method utilizing concentration cells with transference has been used in obtaining the activity coefficients of potassium chloride,17 sodium chloride,18 silver nitrate,10 and calcium chloride.17 The resulting activity coefficients, /, and comparisons with equation (45), Chapter 7, of the Debye-Hiickel theory,... 

The Theory of Potentiometric Titrations Involving Precipitation Reactions The theory of potentiometric titrations involving a precipitation reaction may be indicated by dealing with a typical case, that of the reaction of silver nitrate with an alkali halide, for instance potassium chloride. The following discussion is substantially that of Lange and Schwartz.27 It is convenient for the purpose of the discussion to... 

Figure 2. The fit of our hydration theory model to osmotic coefficient data for potassium chloride tabulated by Robinson and Stokes (11).

The impurity concentration gradient theory assumes that the solution is more structured in the presence of a crystal. This increases the local supersaturation of the fluid near the crystal, which is the source of crystal nuclie. Changes in the structure of the solution near the crystal surface have been observed experimentally. Dissolved impurities in the solution are known to inhibit nucleation rates. Some of the impurities are incorporated into the crystal surface. Thus, a concentration gradient is formed that enhances the probability of nucleation. Experimental evidence of the theory was presented for the nucleation of potassium chloride in the presence of lead impurities. As expected, stirring the solution causes the impurity concentration gradient to disappear and hence, lower the nucleation rates (Denk 1970). 

Potassium chloride molecule, 307f theory, 307ff... 

Perchloric acid was discovered by Count Stadion. He discovered potassium perchlorate in the residue from the preparation of chlorine dioxide from potassium chlorate and concentrated sulphuric acid, correctly determined its composition by decomposing it by heat into oxygen and potassium chloride, and obtained a 70 per cent, solution of perchloric acid ( oxygenated chloric acid ) by distilling potassium perchlorate with somewhat diluted sulphuric acid. He also precipitated the first residue with baryta water to remove sulphuric acid, removed chloride with silver oxide, and evaporated the filtrate in vacuum over concentrated sulphuric acid. Stadion adopted Davy s theory of chlorine. 

H. Ste.-Cl. Deville revived Dobereiner s theory that the catalyst acts as a porous body, an auxiliary of ebullition , as in the case of a boiling liquid. The decomposing chlorate behaves in some ways like a boiling solution of potassium chloride. G. Krebs thought the manganese dioxide particles become much hotter than the chlorate, and so bring about its thermal decomposition. 

The calomel electrode is very similar in both construction and theory of operation to the silver/silver chloride electrode described below. The metal is mercury, the electrical connection being made by an inert metal wire and the salt is mercurous chloride. The equilibrium electrode potential is a function of the chloride concentration of the electrolyte. When the electrolyte is saturated potassium chloride, it is known as a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) producing an electrode potential of -1-0.224 V vs SHE. Potassium chloride is used because the ionic mobility... 

R.G. Bates, Determination of pH. Theory and practice, John Wiley Sons Inc., N. Y, London, 1964. V.L. Cherginets, VV Banik and A.B. Blank, Results of oxide solubility studies in molten equimolar mixture of sodium and potassium chlorides, Prepr. Inst Single Cryst., IMK-90-3, Kharkov, 1990, 15p. 

---