Postpartum Changes

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by intravenous route. Moderately toxic by ingestion, intramuscular, and subcutaneous routes. Human reproductive effects by ingestion and intramuscular routes postpartum changes. Experimental reproductive effects. Human mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of NOx and HCl. 

Hormonal changes during the female life cycle can cause dysreguiation of neurotransmitters (e.g., premenstrual, postpartum, and perimenopause). 

Treatment-related altered serum th5Toid hormone levels indicate that chlorine dioxide and chlorite may exert toxic effects that are mediated through the neuroendocrine axis. Changes in thyroid hormones have been reported in laboratory animals that were either directly exposed to chlorine dioxide (repeated doses as low as 9 mg/kg/day), or exposed to chlorine dioxide or chlorite via their mothers (maternal doses of chlorine dioxide and chlorite as low as 13 and 9 mg/kg/day, respectively) during pre- and postpartum development (Bercz et al. 1982 Carlton and Smith 1985 Carlton et al. 1987, 1991 Mobley et al. 1990 Orme et al. 1985). 

It is very difficult to evaluate any behavioral or emotional effects of these compounds in humans. Although the incidence of pronounced changes in mood, affect, and behavior appears to be low, milder changes are commonly reported, and estrogens are being successfully employed in the therapy of premenstrual tension syndrome, postpartum depression, and climacteric depression. 

The physiology of reproduction may be associated with proteoglycan changes.123-126 A role for DSPGs in dilation of the rat uterine cervix is suggested by a fourfold increase in DSPG levels in pregnancy, which decrease rapidly within the first postpartum day.127... 

Nishihara K, Horiuchi S. Changes in sleep patterns of young women from late pregnancy to postpartum relationships to their infants movements. Percept Mot Skills 1998 87 1043-1056. 

Wolfson A, Crowley SJ, Anwer U, Bassett JL. Changes in sleep patterns and depressive symptoms in first-time mothers last trimester to 1-year postpartum. Behav Sleep Med 2003 1 54-67. 

In this chapter, we have summarized our most relevant findings on the differential changes in expression and function of both synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAa-Rs in the rat hippocampus during pregnancy and postpartum. 

In conclusion, the opposite regulation of extrasynaptic GABAA-R-mediated tonic currents in response to fluctuations in brain concentrations of neuroactive steroids may be crucial for the changes in mood and for the anxiolytic effect associated with pregnancy (de Brito Faturi et al, 2006) as well as for the arousal state characteristic of the period immediately preceding delivery and of early postpartum. 

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