Possibility of exclusion

As is well-known in philosophy, certain feminist critics of science and technology, for example, Keller [27] and Harding [28], have argued that the scientihc community has maintained the status quo in its exclusion of women and women s concerns. To the extent that a person believes that the scientihc community has or has not excluded women, and to the extent that a person believes exclusion is unjust, that person may address the question of computer use favoring the status quo and excluding women. Although there are good reasons to think that the scientihc community has not been the disaster that certain feminists think it is [29], any researcher should be well aware of the possibility of exclusion not only for the effect on scientihc validity but also for the moral questions exclusion raises. 

Viewed from the other side, one can consider the alternative. If there were no possibility of exclusivity, what inducement would exist for the full disclosure of one s invention If the invention had any value at all, the full disclosure in the absence of exclusivity would prompt a great deal of copying by others not saddled with the cost of research and development. In such a scenario, there would be little inducement for research and even less inducement for disclosure of the research the things most likely to be disclosed would be those with the least value. As a result of these considerations, the system works best when the equation is balanced.1... 

Most of the hterature reviewed concerning the health effects of endosulfan in humans described case reports of occupational exposure and accidental or intentional ingestion of endosulfan. The cases of occupational exposure to endosulfan concerned exposures of acute-to-intermediate durations, and the cases of oral exposure were exclusively acute-duration exposure situations. The predominant route of exposure in the occupational case reports is believed to be inhalation, but the possibility of some degree of dermal exposure cannot be ruled out. The information on human exposure is limited because the possibility of concurrent exposure to other pesticides or other toxic substances cannot be excluded. In addition, the precise duration and level of exposure to endosulfan generally cannot be quantified from the information presented in these reports. 

As described in Section 9.4, the determination and refinement of molecular conformations comprehends three main methods DG, MD and SA. Other techniques like Monte Carlo calculations have only a limited applicability in the field of structure elucidation. In principle, it is possible to exclusively make use of DG, MD or SA, but normally it is strongly suggested to combine these methods in order to obtain robust and reliable structural models. Only when the results of different methods match a 3D structure should be presented. There are various ways of combining the described techniques and the procedural methods may differ depending on what kind of molecules are investigated. However, with the flowchart in Fig. 9.13 we give an instruction on how to obtain a reliable structural model. 

Finally, Burkhard Luy, Andreas Frank and Horst Kessler discuss Conformational Analysis of Drugs by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy . The determination and refinement of molecular conformations comprehends three main methods distance geometry (DG), molecular dynamics (MD) and simulated anneahng (SA). In principle, it is possible to exclusively make use of DG, MD or... 

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease begins with asymptomatic fatty liver but may progress to cirrhosis. This is a disease of exclusion elimination of any possible viral, genetic, or environmental causes must be made prior to making this diagnosis. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is related to numerous metabolic abnormalities. Risk factors include diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity, and other conditions associated with increased hepatic fat.26... 

With propene, CH3CH=CH2 (79), there is the possibility of either addition of chlorine to the double bond, or of attack on the CH3 group. It is found that at elevated temperatures, e.g. 450° (Cl then being provided by thermolysis of Cl2), substitution occurs to the total exclusion of addition. This is because the allyl radical (80) obtained by H-abstraction is stabilised by delocalisation, whereas the one (81) obtained on Cl addition is not, and its formation is in any case reversible at elevated temperatures, the equilibrium lying over to the left ... 

Chemical shift Position of resonance in an NMR spectrum for any signal relative to a reference standard. Chiral centre An atom in a molecule (usually but not exclusively carbon) which is bound to four different atoms or groups such that the mirror image of the whole molecule is not super-imposable on the molecule itself. A chiral centre in a molecule implies the possibility of the isolation of two distinct forms of the compound which are known as enantiomers. 

The drug price intervention system in place in Spain since 1991 is based on the fixing of the price of each product by the health authorities, calculated according to its cost . This system allows for the possibility of excluding certain products or therapeutic groups from the price intervention system. It would be desirable to apply this exclusion principle to those products that are subject to a reasonable level of competition. Briefly, the main features of the Spanish system of price regulation are as follows ... 

The key feature of the PDA technology is that a far wider biological diversity can be screened computationally than it is possible with exclusively experimental methods. The in silico approach provides unique and original gene modifications whilst maintaining the precise control over the extent and nature of protein modifications. The novel sequences... 

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