Polythiophene synthesis

Ernsting, M.J., Labow, R.S., and Santerre, J.P. "Human monocyte adhesion onto RGD and PHSRN peptides delivered to the surface of a polycarbonate polyurethane using bioactive fluorinated surface modifiers". ] Biomed. Mater. Res. A 83A(3), 759-769 (2007). Ewbank, P.C., Nuding, G., Suenaga, H., McCullough, R.D., and Shinkai, S. "Amine functionalized polythiophenes Synthesis and formation of chiral, ordered structures on DNA substrates". Tetrahedron Lett 42(2), 155-157 (2001). 

Ewbank, P.C., G. Nuding, H. Suenaga, R.D. McCullough, and S. Shinkai. 2001. Amine functionalized polythiophenes Synthesis and formation of chiral, ordered structures on DNA substrates. Tetrahedron Lett 42 (2) 155—157. 

Organozinc compounds can be used in the same way as organomagnesium compounds. For instance, by using zinc instead of magnesium Yamamoto et al. were able to improve the polythiophene synthesis from 2,5-dibromothiophene. 

Migita-Kosugi-Stille, Negishi-Baba, Mizoroki-Heck, and Kumada-Tamao-Corriu coupling) and for polythiophene synthesis. Direct arylation (see Chapter 4) was highlighted as one of the more efficacious methods. 

Thiophene (Fig. 14) is found in tar, gas, and industrial benzene obtained from coal in the 19th century. A large number of thiophene derivatives are described in the literature and their physical properties, nucleophilic substitution, and biological activity are still of current interest [380]. The first polythiophene synthesis was described in 1883 when the purification of thiophene with sulfuric acid yielded a dark, insoluble material [381]. The oxidation of thiophene was reported to be possible through oxidation by, for... 

Skabara PJ, Btaridge R, Mchmes EJL, West DP, Coles SJ, Hursthouse MB, Mullen K (2004) The electroactivity of tetrathiafulvalene vs. polythiophene synthesis and characterization of a fused thieno-TTP polymer. J Mater Chem 14 1964—1969... 

Poly (tetramethy lene oxide) (PTMO), 359 Poly(tetramethylene oxide) polyols, 223 Polythiophenepyridine, synthesis of, 502 Polythiophenes, 472... 

Here we introduce a personal point of view about the interactions between conducting polymers and electrochemistry their synthesis, electrochemical properties, and electrochemical applications. Conducting polymers are new materials that were developed in the late 1970s as intrinsically electronic conductors at the molecular level. Ideal monodimensional chains of poly acetylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, etc. can be seen in Fig. 1. One of the most fascinating aspects of these polymeric... 

Besides synthesis, current basic research on conducting polymers is concentrated on structural analysis. Structural parameters — e.g. regularity and homogeneity of chain structures, but also chain length — play an important role in our understanding of the properties of such materials. Research on electropolymerized polymers has concentrated on polypyrrole and polythiophene in particular and, more recently, on polyaniline as well, while of the chemically produced materials polyacetylene stih attracts greatest interest. Spectroscopic methods have proved particularly suitable for characterizing structural properties These comprise surface techniques such as XPS, AES or ATR, on the one hand, and the usual methods of structural analysis, such as NMR, ESR and X-ray diffraction techniques, on the other hand. 

Related Polymer Systems and Synthetic Methods. Figure 12A shows a hypothetical synthesis of poly (p-phenylene methide) (PPM) from polybenzyl by redox-induced elimination. In principle, it should be possible to accomplish this experimentally under similar chemical and electrochemical redox conditions as those used here for the related polythiophenes. The electronic properties of PPM have recently been theoretically calculated by Boudreaux et al (16), including bandgap (1.17 eV) bandwidth (0.44 eV) ionization potential (4.2 eV) electron affinity (3.03 eV) oxidation potential (-0.20 vs SCE) reduction potential (-1.37 eV vs SCE). PPM has recently been synthesized and doped to a semiconductor (24). 

The synthesis of poly(isothianapthene) (PITN) is an example of the second generation of conducting polymers, which have been prepared in order to produce a material with specific properties. Given the two inequivalent structures of polythiophene which give... 

Figure 16 Trifluoroborate-substituted thiophene monomer (22) used in the synthesis of a conjugated polythiophene system. (Adapted from ref. 41.)...

Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of a Polythiophene—Viologen Polymer... 

In this article we report the synthesis and electrochemical properties of the polymer derived from oxidation of X, poly(I), and the characteristics of a microelectrochemical transistor based on the polymer. Poly(I), which is formed by electrochemical oxidation of X, Equation 1, consists of a conducting polymer backbone, polythiophene. 

SCHEME 2.59 Synthesis of polythiophene via metal-catalyzed couplings. 

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