Regioregular polythiophenes synthesis

Osaka, I., Mccullough, R.D., 2008. Advances in molecular design and synthesis of regioregular polythiophenes. Acc. Chem. Res. 41,1202-1214. 

Pilston, R.L. 2001. Synthesis and characterization of novel regioregular polythiophenes, random copolymers of thiophene and studies of the GRIM polymerization method for the synthesis of polythiophenes. Carnegie Mellon University. 

Synthesis, Characterization and Properties of Regioregular Polythiophene-based Materials... 

Scheme 2.1 Cross-coupling methods for the synthesis of regioregular polythiophenes. Reprinted with kind permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry (1992), the American Chemical Society (1997) and Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH (2002 and 2005). Tor individual citations, please see references [40, 42, 49, 50]...

Scheme 14. The synthesis of regioregular polythiophenes with chiral side chains.

P. C. Ewbank, M. C. Stefan, G. Sauv4 and R. D. McCullough. 2009. Synthesis, characterization and properties of regioregular polythiophene-based materials. In Handbook of Thiophene-Based Materials Applications in Organic Electronics and Photonics, ed. I. F. Perepichka and D. F. Perepichka, 157-217. Chichester John Wiley Sons. 

M.R. Andersson, W. Mammo, T. Olinga, M. Svensson, M. Theander, andO. Inganas, Synthesis of regioregular phenyl substituted polythiophenes with FeCl3, Synth. Met., 101 11-12, 1999. 

The synthesis of substituted polythiophenes for investigations of thermochromism has brought many examples of how the regioregular side chain substitution is central to the chromic phenomena. Some of these materials show two-phase behaviour with an isobestic point in the sequence of the spectra. As the optical absorption only reflects local properties, we have to understand what mechanism it is that will always keep the material in just two states, with no intermediate states. As the torsion of the main chain is the cause of the chromic behaviour, we have to understand more specifically what is the essential physics of a cooperative phase transition which takes the chain, or parts of the polymer chain, from one phase to the other. In many ways this might look like the falling of a row of dominoes, upon one fluctuation of one of the dominoes. In our case this would be... 

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