Polypyrroles with cellulose

Polymers can also be swollen with the solution of an oxidant, blotted with tissue or filter paper and dried, retaining the oxidant as a filler in its bulk. The blend is obtained by exposing the polymer containing the oxidant to vapors of the heterocyclic monomer in a closed chamber. Blends were prepared using this method and combining polypyrrole with cellulose [28], with poly (ethylene terephthalate) [29] or with Nylon [30]. 

Dall Acqua et al.45 reported the development of conductive fibres made by cellulose-based fibres embedded with polypyrrole. Several efforts with cotton, viscose, cupro and lyonell have followed. The conductivity is directly related to the amount of polypyrrole, oxidant ratio and fibre structure with significant differences between viscose and lyonell. Polymerisation occurs uniformly inside the fibre bulk, by producing a coherent composite polypyrrole/cellulose. The mechanical and physical properties of cellulose fibres were not significantly modified as they are the best available45. 

Chiral membranes have also been used to separate isomers. A cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate) has been used to separate an amino alcohol /8-blocker, although the S isomer was obtained in only 55% ee and the R isomer in 23% ee.22 On the other hand, a chiral membrane of a poly(L-glutamate) derivative completely resolved racemic tryptophan.23 Apoenzymes (enzymes lacking their usual cofactor) have been placed in the pores of a membrane consisting of a gold film covered with polypyrrole.24 In one of these, D-phenylalanine passed through five times faster than the L-isomer. (For more detail on membrane separations, see Chap. 7.) This method holds considerable promise for catalytic membrane reactors, especially if the unwanted isomer can be racemized in situ. 

But PVC forms many composite materials with particulate and fibrous fillers. Cellulose fiber and newsprint recycled fiber are two common examples of fibrous materials. The list of powders is longer, including talc, mica, clay, wood flour, carbon black, glass beads, hydrotalcite, alumina trihydrate, polypyrrole, and various nano-materials including nano-calcium carbonates. 

Sasso, C., Zeno, E., and Petit, M. (2010). Highty conducting polypyrrole/ cellulose nanocomposite films with enhanced mechanical properties, MaavmolMateK tj, 295(10], 934-941. 

M. M. Castillo-Ortega, 1. Santos-Sauceda, J. C. Encinas, D. E. Rodriguez-Felix, T. del Castillo-Castro, E Rodriguez-Felix, J. L. Valenzuela-Garcia, L. S. Quiroz-Castillo, R J. Herrera-Franco, Adsorption and desorption of a gold-iodide complex onto cellulose acetate membrane coated with polyaniline or polypyrrole A comparative study. /Mater Sci 2011,46 (23), 7466-7474. 

Huang J, Ichinose I, Kunitake T (2005b) Nanocoating of natural cellulose fibers with conjugated polymer hierarchical polypyrrole composite materials. Chem Commun 13 1717-1719 Kaplan DL (1998) Introduction to biopolymers and renewable resources. In Kaplan DL (ed) Biopolymers from renewable resources. Springer, Berlin Kumar AP, Depan D, Tomer NS et al (2009) Nanoscale particles for polymer degradation and stabilization-trends and future perspectives. Prog Polym Sci 34 479-515 Lindblad MS, Liu Y, Albertsson A-C et al (2002) Polymers from renewable resources. Adv Polym Sci 157 139-161... 

Many thermoplastic polymers have been used as matrix with nanocellulose as reinforcement such as poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) [130, 175], polyurethane [176, 177], polypyrrolle [178], polypropylene [179], poly(latic acid) (PLA) [180], hydroxypropyl-cellulose (HPC) [74], polyacrylamide [181], etc. Figures 11.24 [182] and 11.25 [178] are examples of thermoplastics reinforced by nanocellulose. 

H. Wang, L. Bian, P. Zhou, J. Tang, and W. Tang, Core-sheath structured bacterial cellulose/ polypyrrole nanocomposites with excellent conductivity as supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. 

Pervaporation of methanol and methyl rerf-butyl ether (MTBE) using hollow fibers coated with polypyrrole, poly(A/-methylpyrrole), and polyaniline was studied by Martin et al. [77]. A microporous hollow-fiber ultrafiltration membrane made of cellulose was coated with a conjugated polymer. An uncoated hollow fiber had only a slight preference for transporting methanol ( tnethanoi/MTBE = 1.06), attributed to the more polar methanol being more soluble in the somewhat polar cellulose-based film. The polypyrrole-coated fiber had only... 

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