Polyphyletic

Vogt, T., Substrate specificity and sequence analysis define a polyphyletic origin of betanidin 5- and 6-0-glucosyltransferase from Dorotheanthus bellidiformis, Planta, 214, 492, 2002. 

Robert Richards. I have two complaints, also two historical observations. First, that Darwin s first hypotheses was a polyphyletic hypothesis, namely that there are different archetypes that come up independently of one another, and even that hypothesis is preserved in the Origin, and he says,... 

Stan Shostak . .. as for Haeckel, he coined the Monera, not because he was polyphyletical. I thought you might have brought up Cuvier. Cuvier took a hammer to the scala natura. 

Schwabe, C. and Warr, G. W. (1984). A polyphyletic view of evolution. The genetic potential hypothesis. Persp Biol. Med., 27,465-85. 

Every component for cell assembly has to be there in large numbers at many places and functional when the individual units slide into the state of life. These multi-origin ideas have been around3 6 but did not fall on fertile ground, and what remained of these mavericks polyphyletic thoughts was wiped out by the discovery of the universality of the genetic code and the erroneous conclusions drawn from that observation. 

The succession of many transition events has created the illusion of succession among species for Darwinians but denied them the intermediates that are required to prove the point. These gaps in turn provide the most powerful evidence for the concept of polyphyletic evolution. The equation of state for the Genomic Potential Hypothesis-type transition is literally pressed into the layers of the Cambrian stones for everybody to see. The time frame of deposit rules out interspecies conversion but rather points to many phase transitions, one for each debutante at the threshold of metazoan life. 

The genetic code invariance persuaded evolutionists to throw the first shy proponents of polyphyletic models into the dungeons.17, 18 The contention that chance would not have provided even for two origins with an identical triplet codon for protein synthesis was then and still is absolutely correct and certainly relevant, but the conclusion reached because of it by nearly everyone was not. Multiple origins were declared impossible whereas chance should have been disqualified as an inappropriate term in this equation (which it is), and this was the error that has dominated thinking for more than 150 years and is still defended with vehemence. 

Life is polyphyletic from its inception, there is no major branching, only survival or extinction. New forms come from newly metamorphosed clones. Life is monophyletic and continuous branching caused by chance events creates new forms. 

Members of the polyphyletic order Lithistida have been reported to contain 42 acetogenins (38%) and 49 amino acids (44%), with only 21 isoprenoid metabolites (19%). The order currently termed Lithistida probably arose from more than one divergence event in the past,56 and may... 

The C4 cycle can be viewed as an ATP-dependent C02 pump that delivers C02 from the mesophyll cells to the bundle-sheath cells, thereby suppressing photorespiration (Hatch and Osmond, 1976). The development of the C4 syndrome has resulted in considerable modifications of inter- and intracellular transport processes. Perhaps the most striking development with regard to the formation of assimilates is that sucrose and starch formation are not only compartmented within cells, but in C4 plants also may be largely compartmented between mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells. This has been achieved together with a profound alteration of the Benson-Calvin cycle function, in that 3PGA reduction is shared between the bundle-sheath and mesophyll chloroplasts in all the C4 subtypes. Moreover, since C4 plants are polyphyletic in origin, several different metabolic and structural answers have arisen in response to the same problem of how to concentrate C02. C4 plants have three distinct mechanisms based on decarboxylation by NADP+-malic enzyme, by NAD+-malic enzyme, or by phosphoenolpy-ruvate (PEP) carboxykinase in the bundle-sheath (Hatch and Osmond, 1976). 

A. A polyphyletic evolution from mitotic to meiotic life cycles within a polykaryotic and coenocytic homothallic organism (primary or primitive homothallism [41, 83] (fig. 5). 

Emericella (Aspergillus) nidulans is a remarkable fungus which lacks synaptic meiosis. Prillinger [41,83] considers this fungus besides S. pombe important for a polyphyletic evolution of meiosis within the Eumycota or Mycobionta [260,261]. 

C. laurentii is an additional species of clinical importance (pulmonary abscess) which belongs to the Tremellales [24, 80, 262, 381]. Based on partial 26S rDNA and complete 18S rDNA sequences, the genus Cryptococcus is polyphyletic and occurs in at least five different clades of the Tremellales, and within the Cystofilobasidiales [24, 381] (fig. 4). 

Spatafora JW, Blackwell M The polyphyletic origins of ophiostomatoid fungi. Mycol Res 1994 98 1-9. 

Thorn RG, Moncalvo J-M, Reddy CA, Vilgalys R Phylogenetic analyses and the distribution of nematophagy support a monophyletic Pleurotaceae within the polyphyletic pleurotoid-lentinoid... 

Another hot topic among evolutionary biologists is the monophyletic versus polyphyletic status of archaebacteria. At the moment, there are no data in the... 

The earliest known moss fossil is from the early Carboniferous period, about 320 million years ago. Mosses are not well-represented in the fossil record because their soft tissue is not well preserved. An examination of extant species indicates that bryophytes are a polyphyletic group. They appear to have evolved from more than one ancestral line. 

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