Polyol surfactants

Various individual amino acids Various carbohydrates Alcohols and polyols Surfactants... 

The method of preparation involves mixii of polymeric isocyanate ( crude MDI) with the polyol, surfactant, catalyst and blowing agent, trichlorofluoromethane (fluorocarbon F-1 IB). The amounts of the latter and of the catalyst were chosen so that the apparent density was... 

Major polymer applications pharmaceutical applications, controlled release drugs,. polyester fibers, unsaturated polyester resins, oil exploration, polyols, surfactants, haircare, switching elements, polymer electrolytes, lithium batteries, nanocomposites... 

Polyol surfactants are used in many pharmaceutical preparations as emul si tiers, solubilizers, dispersants, or stabilizers. They can be separated into two classes glycol and glycerol esters and sorbiian derivatives. 

The chemistry of polyol surfactants is reviewed by Benson (1967), and interesterification processes are described by Sonntag (1982). Synthetic procedures for monoglycerides are dealt with in Chapter 7. 

In this case we have decided to use the above weights of polyol, surfactant and catalysts. Making use of the previously defined relationships For polyol ... 

Lundsted, L.G. and Schmolka, I.R. (1976) The synthesis and properties of block copolymer polyol surfactants, in Block and Graft Copolymerizalion, vol. 2, Cercsa, R.J. (eel), John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY... 

EMEREST Glycerol Esters are polyol surfactants created by the esterification of glycerol with stearic, oleic and Isostearlc fatty acids. 

Applications controlled release drugs, haircare, nanocomposites, oil exploration, pharmaceutical applications, polyester fibers, polyester resins, polymer electrolytes, polyols, surfactants, switching elements, unsaturated lithium batteries ... 

Commercial interest in polyol surfactants derived from glucose exists for several reasons (1) glucose is an inexpensive agriculture-based (and therefore renewable) raw material (2) surfactants derived from glucose have a green environmental image (and are, in fact, readily degraded in the environment [1]), and (3) their polyfunctional (yet readily accessible) molecular structures offer the possibility of distinctive performance and properties relative to presently used surfactants [2], Short-chain polyol surfactants readily solubilize membrane polar lipids, and facilitate the isolation and study of membrane-bound proteins [3,4]. 

Cubic phases are often the solubility-limiting phase above the Krafft eutectic of monoglycerides [84] and possibly of other polyol surfactants. It is claimed that these cubic phases have an inverted (head group in) structure [85]. Often, they coexist with a more concentrated bicontinuous cubic phase [86] which lies next to the lamellar phase. Cubic phases are the solubility-limiting phase in the iV-acyl-JV-methylglucamines, but only at temperatures above the Ejafft eutectic (see later). Just above the Krafft eutectic, the solubility boundary of this surfactant is defined by the familiar hexagonal phase. 

Efficient separations of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactitol, -glucitol and -maiuiitol, and of oUgosaccharide-hexosaminitols released by reductive -elimination from glycopeptides, from other mataials, were achieved by h.p.l.c. with pulsed amperometric detection on a surprising combination a cation-exchange column with dilute NaOH as eluant. Neutral and amino-sugars eluted near the void volume. The cationic polyol surfactants 1 and their synthetic precursors were separated by ion-pair reversed-phase h.p.l.c., and the related non-ionic diamide polyol surfactants 2 were determined by reversed-phase h.p.l.c. ... 

Polyol surfactants, because of their general biocompatibility and their relatively low cost, in most cases, have found a number of important uses, including many... 

Other classes of polyol surfactants have as their starting materials polyhydroxy compounds with 2-6 hydroxyl units per chain. Those hydrophilic groups include sugars, ethylene and propylene glycol, and other related materials. The surfactants are usually prepared by the esterification of fatty acids with the desired polyol, normally resulting in the formation of mixtures of mono-, di-, and often polyalkyl esters. The commercial products, therefore, may be complex mixtures of compounds whose final properties must be determined by the careful control of feedstock composition and reaction conditions. Relatively pure monoglyceride esters (>90% ot-mono) may be obtained by molecular distillation. Distilled monoesters of propylene glycol are also important in the food industry. 

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