Tissue engineering polymers

Key words synthetic polymers, tissue engineering, bone scaffold, hydrogels, drug delivery. 

Zhang, H. L., Iwama, M., Akaike,T., Urry, D. W., Pattanaik, A., Parker,T. M., Konishi, I. and Nikaido,T. (2006). Human amniotic cell sheet harvest using a novel temperature-responsive culture surface coated with protein-based polymer. Tissue Engineering, 12,391-401. 

Progress made in electrospinning in the past decade has allowed for the production of fibers in nanoscale diameters from various polymers. Tissue engineering has benefited a lot from this process and quite often silk protein is used to produce nanofiber scaffolds for ceU cultures. Human bone marrow stromal cells were found to proHferate in vitro very well on mats made from poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and B. mori silk aqueous solution electrospun nanofibers [27]. A very interesting work by... 

Pego AP, Siebum SB, Luyn MJAV, et al. Preparation of degradable porous structures based on 1,3-trimethylene carbonate and D,L-lactide(co)polymers for heart tissue engineering. Tissue Eng, 2003, 9, 981 994. 

Shum-Tim D, Stock U, Hrkach J, Shinoka T, Lien J, Moses MA, Stamp A, Taylor G, Moran A, Landis W, Langer R, Vacanti JP, and Mayer JE Jr. Tissue engineering of autologous aorta using a new biodegradable polymer. Ann Thorac Surg, 1999, 68(6), 2298-304. 

Table 19 also describes polyphosphazenes bearing oligopeptide side chains (Gly-Pro-Gly and Gly-Val-Ala tripeptides) [636], potentially useful for tissue engineering, and polymers bearing AT-acetylglycine substituents [637]. The... 

Skeletal Biocompatibility. Two Substituent Groups Attached to the Same Phosphazene Skeleton. Hydrolytical Instability 0 II — NH- CH2— C- OC2H5 Glycine or Lower Alkyl Aminoacid Esters Hydrolytically Unstable Polymers. Bioerodible Materials. Drug Delivery Systems. Tissue Engineering... 

Yamamoto M, Tabata Y, Bcada Y (1999) Growth factor release from gelatin hydrogel for tissue engineering. J Bioact Compat Polym 14 474-489... 

Robert Langer, Polymer Systems for Controlled Release of Macromolecules, Immobilized Enzyme Medical Bioreactors, and Tissue Engineering J. J. Linderman, P. A. Mahama, K. E. Forsten, and D, A. Lauffenburger, Diffusion and Probability in Receptor Binding and Signaling Rakesh K. Jain, Transport Phenomena in Tumors... 

Recently, biodegradable polymers have been used to fabricate macro- and nanometer scale self-assembled systems such as microspheres (MSs), nanospheres (NSs), polymer micelles, nanogels, and polymersomes (Fig. 1). These have attracted growing interest because of their potential utility for drug delivery systems (DDS), tissue engineering, and other applications. To construct these self-assembled systems... 

PGA was one of the very first degradable polymers ever investigated for biomedical use. PGA found favor as a degradable suture, and has been actively used since 1970 [45 -7]. Because PGA is poorly soluble in many common solvents, limited research has been conducted with PGA-based drug delivery devices. Instead, most recent research has focused on short-term tissue engineering scaffolds. PGA is often fabricated into a mesh network and has been used as a scaffold for bone [48-51], cartilage [52-54], tendon [55, 56], and tooth [57]. 

Polymer Hydrogels in Cell Engineering and Tissue Engineering. 142... 

Chitosan has found many biomedical applications, including tissue engineering approaches. Enzymes such as chitosanase and lysozyme can degrade chitosan. However, chitosan is easily soluble in the presence of acid, and generally insoluble in neutral conditions as well as in most organic solvents due to the existence of amino groups and the high crystallinity. Therefore, many derivatives have been reported to enhance the solubility and processability of this polymer. 

Watanabe J, Eriguchi T, Ishihara K (2002) Stereocomplex formation by enantiomeric poly (lactic acid) graft-type phospholipid polymers for tissue engineering. Biomacromolecules 3 1109-1114... 

Abstract Synthetic polymers and biopolymers are extensively used within the field of tissue engineering. Some common examples of these materials include polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, collagen, elastin, and various forms of polysaccharides. In terms of application, these materials are primarily used in the construction of scaffolds that aid in the local delivery of cells and growth factors, and in many cases fulfill a mechanical role in supporting physiologic loads that would otherwise be supported by a healthy tissue. In this review we will examine the development of scaffolds derived from biopolymers and their use with various cell types in the context of tissue engineering the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc. 

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