Polyhydric alcohols glucose

Osmotic laxative effects are also produced by the polyhydric alcohols, mannitol and sorbitol, which unlike glucose cannot be transported through the intestinal mucosa, as well as by the non-hydrolyzable disaccharide, lactubse. Fermentation of lactulose by colon bacteria results in acidification of bowel contents and microfloral damage. Lactulose is used in hepatic failure in order to prevent bacterial production of ammonia and its subsequent absorption (absorbable NH3 nonabsorbable NH4+), so as to forestall hepatic coma. 

Figure 13.18 shows the effect of sorbitol. Agradual decrease in the CP with an increase in sorbitol concentration was observed. Some other polyhydric alcohols (including saccharides, viz. mannitol, glucose, sucrose, fructose, etc.) induced a similar decrease. A decrease in CP with saccharides has been observed for polyethylene glycol (PEG) and for sorbitol on polysorbate, a nonionic surfactant (Zatz and Lue, 1987 Attwood et al., 1989). Sjoberg et al. (1989) showed that all saccharides decrease the CP of PEG, which is well described by mean Leld theory. Also, an explanation was given for the difference between the saccharides in their ability to decrease the CP in aqueous PEG solutions. 

Osmotic laxative effects are also produced by the polyhydric alcohols mannitol and sorbitol, which unlike glucose cannot be transported through the intestinal mucosa. 

Polyhydric Alcohol Sorbitol Mannitol Glycerin Sucrose Glucose... 

Parenteral formulations often contain excipients considered to be chemically stable and inert however, all excipients in a formulation may influence the photochemical stability of the product. Dextrose and sodium chloride are used to adjust tonicity in the majority of parenteral formulations. Sodium chloride can affect photochemical processes by influencing solvation of the photoreactive molecules (see Section 14.2.3). The ionic strength is reported to affect the photochemical decomposition rate of minoxidil until a saturation level is reached (Chinnian and Asker, 1996). The photostability of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in aqueous solution is enhanced in the presence of dextrose, probably caused by the scavenging effect of the excipient on hydroxyl radicals mediated by the photolysis of ascorbic acid sucrose, sorbitol, and mannitol have the same effect (Ho et al., 1994). Monosaccharides (dextrose, glucose, maltose, and lactose), disaccharides (sucrose and trehalose), and polyhydric alcohols (inositol, mannitol, and sorbitol) are examples of commonly used lyo-additives in parenterals. These excipients may also affect photochemical stability of the products after reconstitution. 

Polyhydric alcohols react with HIO4 to yield iodate which is precipitated with silver nitrate, and the precipitation is dissolved in ammonia. Detection limits for glycerol, lactose, and glucose are 0.16, 0.82, and 0.28 mg, respectively. 

Glucose, sucrose, and polyhydric alcohols, glycerol, sorbitol, and mannitol, display nucleophilic reactivity with simple activated esters in aqueous solution buffered at neutral to alkaline pH. This nu-cleophylic reactivity is attributed to the anion resulting from ionization of a hydroxyl group. These polyhydric alcohols have been shown to be catalyt-ically active in the hydrolysis of cephalosporins in... 

Many compounds have been added to the disseminating fluid or powder to influence the subsequent infectivity of micro-organisms disseminated as an aerosol. Those found to afford protection include spent culture media, di-and tri-saccharides, raffinose, dextran, glucose and glycerol, polyhydric alcohols, sorbitol and inositol and sodium glutamate. 

Simple sugars can be reduced to polyhydric alcohols for example, glucose yields sorbitol, galactose yields dulcitol, and both mannose and fructose yield mannitol. Mannitol occurs in grass silage and is formed by the action of certain anaerobic bacteria on the fructose present in the grass. ... 

Most hydrolyzable tannins contain a central core of glucose or other polyhydric alcohol esterified with gallic acid (gallotannins) or hexahydroxydiphenic acid (ellagitannins) (Fig. 2). The latter is isolated as its stable dilactone, ellagic acid. These Types of tannins are readily hydrolyzed by acids, bases or certain enzymes. 

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