Polyaniline synthesis using templates

Chen, W., R. B. Rakhi, and H. N. Alshareef. 2013. Facile synthesis of polyaniline nanotubes using reactive oxide templates for high energy density pseudocapacitors. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 1 3315-3324. 

The inter-relationship between colloid and polymer chemistries is completed by colloidal polymer particles. The formation of 50-nm-diameter, 100- to 200-nm-long polyaniline fibrils in a poly(acrylic acid)-template-guided polymerization, similar in many ways to those produced from polymerized SUVs (see above), provides a recent example of polymer colloids [449], The use of poly(styenesulfonic acid) as a template yielded globular polyaniline particles which were found to be quite different morphologically from those observed in the regular chemical synthesis of polyaniline [449]. 

Cruz-Silva R, Romero-Garcia J, Angulo-Sanchez JL et al (2005) Template-free enzymatic synthesis of electrically conducting polyaniline using soybean peroxidase. Eur Polym J 41 1129-1135... 

Aqueous colloidal dispersions created by template synthesis, principally used for processing polyaniline and poly(ethylenedioxythiophene), PEDOT. 

W. Zhong, J. Deng, Y. Yang, and W. Yang, Synthesis of large-area three-dimensional polyaniline nanowire networks using a soft template , Macromol. Rapid Commun., 26, 395-400 (2005). 

Ordered 3D arrays of polyaniline [PANI] inverse opals can also fabricated via electrochemical methods by using colloidal crystals of polystyrene beads as sacrificial templates as shown in Fig. 1.19 [208]. Compared with films obtained by chemical synthesis, the inverse opaline samples obtained by electrochemistry had a much higher structural quality. Such PANI inverse opals were prepared... 

Template synthesis can be regarded as an area presenting few studies. One of the examples is the work developed by Carrado and Xu [91], They synthesized the clay hectoreite by hydrothermal crystalUzation in the presence of the polymers. They used the polymers poly(vinylpyrrolidone), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, polyacrylonitrile, polydimethyldiallylammonium, and polyaniline. The composites were made by a one-step process method. 

Template-guided synthesis 2,4) is currently being used increasingly to synthesize water soluble polyaniline. Apofyadd is used as a tenq>late to bind the aniline monomers to form the corresponding anilinium salt. Aniline monomers polymerize to form a conq)lex with the template. The hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends of the tenq)late he in sohibifizing the hydrophobic polyaniline chains. Some of the pofyadds used (25) in the synthesis of polyaniline are polystyrenesulfonic add, poly(aci dic add) and poly(methacrylic acid). 

Most of our work has focused on polypyrrole, poly(3-methylthiophene), and polyaniline. These polymers can be synthesized via oxidative polymerization of the corresponding monomer. This can be accomplished either electrochemically [10,12,42] or by using a chemical oxidizing agent [43-45]. We have adapted both of these approaches so that they can be used to do template synthesis of conductive polymers within the pores of our nanoporous template membranes. The easiest way to do electrochemical template synthesis is to coat a metal film onto one surface of the membrane and then use this film to electrochemically synthesize the desired polymer within the pores of the membrane [12]. Chemical template synthesis can be accomplished by simply immersing the membrane into a solution of the desired monomer and its oxidizing agent [9,16,44]. 

An oxidative polymerization of aniline in the presence of poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid) (PAMPSA) as a template was described in Reference 124. The process was carried out in water, and ammonium persulfate was used as initiator. The synthesis was performed at room temperature. In similar conditions, but with benzenesulfonic add instead of AMPSA, polymerization of aniline does not occur. According to the authors, the localization and protoni-zation of aniline takes place along the chain of AMPSA. Adding sodium chloride to the reaction solution, considerably decreased in both the process rate and the polyaniline yields. What was interesting was that the system remained phase-homogeneous on all stages of conversions. Kinetics examination lead to the condusion that the process is of a pronounced autocatalytic character. Electroconductivity of the film formed from polyaniline-PAMPSA complex has rather low conductivity of about 10 S cm . ... 

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