Ultrathin multilayer

XANES spectroscopy is also the basis of chemically sensitive X-ray imaging, as well as qualitative and quantitative microspectroscopy [306], ptXANES is attractive for chemical analysis, with its spatial resolution down to 10 ptm. Variations on the theme are surface EXAFS (SEXAFS), grazing incidence XAS and in situ time-resolved XAS investigations. Grazing angle XAFS can be used for the study of ultrathin multilayer systems. 

Electrode surfaces can be modified by redox polyelectrolytes via a sol-gel process, yielding random redox hydrogels or by layer-by-layer self-assembly of different redox and nonredox polyelectrolytes by alternate electrostatic adsorption from solutions containing the polyelectrolytes to produce highly organized redox-active ultrathin multilayers. 

Decher G, Hong JD. Buildup of ultrathin multilayer films by a self-assembly process. 1. Consecutive adsorption of anionic and cationic bipolar amphiphiles on charged surfaces. Makromolekulare Chemie-Macromolecular Symposia 1991a 46 321-327. 

G. Decher, J.D. Hong, J. Schmitt, Build-Up of Ultrathin Multilayer Films by a Self-Assembly Process 3. Consecutively Alternating Adsorption of Anionic and Cationic Polyelectrolytes on Charged Surfaces , Thin Solid Films, 210,831 (1992)... 

Y. Lvov, K. Ariga, I. Ichinose, T. Kunitake, Formation of Ultrathin Multilayer and Hydrated Gel from MontmorUlonite and Linear Polycations , Langmuir, 12, 3038... 

Decher G, Schmitt J. 1992. Fine tuning of the film thickness of ultrathin multilayer films composed of consecutively alternating layers of anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes. Prog Colloid Polym Sci 89(Trends Colloid Interface Sci VI) 160 164. 

Water-soluble poly(ferrocenylsilane) polycations, belonging to the rare class of main chain organometallic polyelectrolytes, have been reported by us and others [35,36,87,88]. These compounds are of interest because they combine the imusual properties of poly(ferrocenylsilane)s with the processabiUty of polyelectrolyte solutions—for example, enabling one to make use of ionic interactions to deposit these polymers onto substrates. Polyelectrolytes can be employed in layer-by-layer self-assembly processes to form ultrathin multilayer films with controlled thickness and composition [89,90]. 

Stanton BW, Harris JJ, Miller MD et al (2003) Ultrathin, multilayered polyelectrolyte films as nanofiltration membranes. Langmuir 19(17) 7038-7042... 

Vestbeig, R., Malkoch, M., Kade, M. et al. (2007) Role of architecture and molecular weight in the formation of tailor-made ultrathin multilayers using dendritic macromolecules and click chemistry. Journal of Polymer Science Part A-Polymer Chemistry, 45,2835. 

Johnson, D. C. Fister, L. Grant, C. A. McConnell, J. Novet, T. in Using ultrathin multilayer composites as starting materials to produce homogeneous... 

---