Pollution prevention quantitative methods

A hazard is anything that will produce an adverse effect on human health and the environment. In environmental risk assessment, the hazard component generally refers to toxicity. Exposure is the quantitative or qualitative assessment of contact to the skin or orifices of the body by a chemical. Traditional pollution prevention techniques focus on reducing waste as much as possible however, risk assessment methods used in pollution prevention can help quantify the degree of environmental impact for individual chemicals. This approach provides a powerful tool that enables engineers to better design processes and products by focusing on the most beneficial methods to minimize all aspects of risk. 

Thus, the detection of environmentally present chemical warfare agents (CWA) requires highly sensitive, selective, and fast quantitative methods, capable of low level of pollutant detection in the battlefield and surrounding streams, waste waters, soils, plants, and food [42,43]. The most important preventive measures in this case are to rapidly determine the source of the pollutant and the magnitude of the threat using on-site measurements. The OPC assay in real samples requires the stages of extraction, clean up, and preconcentration because of the relatively low... 

---