Poliomyelitis killed

Poliomyelitis. Two vaccines are Hcensed for the control of poliomyelitis in the United States. The Hve, attenuated oral polio vims (OPV) vaccine can be used for the immunization of normal children. The killed or inactivated vaccine is recommended for immunization of adults at increased... 

Viral vaccines present problems of safety testing far more complex than those experienced with bacterial vaccines. With killed viral vaccines the potential hazards are those due to incomplete virus inactivation and the consequent presence of residual live virus in the preparation. The tests used to detect such live virus consist of the inoculation of susceptible tissue cultures and of susceptible animals. The cultures are examined for cytopathic effects and the animals for symptoms of disease and histological evidence of infection at autopsy. This test is of particular importance in inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine, the vaccine being injected intraspinally into monkeys. At autopsy, sections of brain and spinal cord are examined microscopically for the histological lesions indicative of proliferating poliovirus. 

Polio is the only disease, at present, for which both hve and killed vaccines compete. Since the introduction of the killed vims (Salk) in 1956 and the live attenuated virus (Sabin) in 1962 there has been a remaikable decline in the incidence of poliomyelitis (Fig. 16.1). The inactivated polio vaccine (TPV) contains formalin-killed poliovirus of all three serotypes. On injection, the vaccine stimulates the production of antibodies of the IgM and IgG class which neutrahze the vims in the second stage of infection. A course of three injections at monthly intervals produces long-lasting immunity to all three poliovirus types. 

Formaldehyde-killed Yersinia pestis Mixture of purified surface polysaccharide antigens obtained from differing serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae Live attenuated strains of poliomyelitis virus... 

Waterborne microorganisms are largely responsible for the transmission of diseases such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery, muscular paralysis (e.g., poliomyelitis), infectious hepatitis, gastroenteritis, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, and so forth. In a drinking-water potabilization procedure not all the microorganisms present in water need to be killed (sterilization), but only those disease-related (disinfection). Water disinfection can be achieved by chemical, physical, or mechanical action. Agents that provide chemical action for such purposes include ... 

With the development of vaccines medicine gained the ability to control, eliminate, or even eradicate selected diseases. The classical vaccines consisting mostly of killed or live attenuated microbial agents or their isolated components have been highly successful. Smallpox has been eradicated, and viral diseases like measles, mumps, poliomyelitis, rubella and yellow fever rarely occur in developed countries. Similar success has been achieved with bacterial diseases such as diphteria, tetanus, tubercolosis and whooping cough, and equally successful were vaccines in veterinary medicine. However, many diseases remain for which no... 

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