Pliocene sediments

Sutherland R (1996) Transpressional development of the Australian-Pacific boundary through the southern South Island, New Zealand constraints from Miocene-Pliocene sediments, Waiho-1 borehole South Westland. New Zealand J Geol Geophys 39 251-264... 

Gaupp, R., Koltt, A. Womer, G. (1999) Palaeoclimatic implications of Mio-Pliocene sedimentation in the high-altitude intra-arc Lauca Basin of northern Chile. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 151, 79-100. 

Wehausen R. and Brumsack H.-J. (1999) Cyclic variations in the chemical composition of eastern Mediterranean Pliocene sediments a key for understanding sapropel formatioiL Mar. Geol. 153, 161-176. 

Only one detailed study has systematically examined the effects of diagenesis on lanthanide distributions. Chaudhuri and Cullers (1979) analysed Miocene/Pliocene sediments from a deep well (1.8-4.8km depth) in the Gulf Coast of Louisiana, which was sampled through the illite/montmorillonite mixed layer of illite transition. Such variability as was seen in absolute lanthanide abundances and in La/Yb ratios was correlated to changes in provenance rather than to diagenetic factors. 

Irion, G. (1984). Sedimentation and sediments of Amazonian rivers and evolution of the Amazonian landscape since Pliocene times. In "The Amazon, Limnology and Landscape Ecology of a Mighty Tropical River and its Basin" (H. Sioli, ed.), pp. 201-214. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands. 

Figure 1.159. Eu/Eu values of (A) modern sediment, hydrothermal solution and seawater and (B) mid-Miocene to early Pliocene Japan Sea see in text). Modern data are from the Pacific ocean,...

Neothechnic developments Tectonic depression is apparent here filled with sea - continental sediments sunk in the Pliocene - quaternary layer to more than 1000 m Inter mountain depression filled with Pliocene quaternary continental sediments were sunk in the Pliocene -quaternary layer to more than 1000m. Mostly secondary and Paleogennic structures were lifted to more than 3000 min the neotechtonic period can be noted here. Mostly secondary and pre-secondary structures were lifted to more than 3000 m in die neotechtonic period. Mostly secondary and pre-secondary structures were lifted to more than 4000 m in the neotechtonic period. Continental fractions were sunk to more than2000m in the neotechtonic period. 

Numerous volcanic centres occur on the seafloor of the Sicily Channel (Fig. 8.1). Calanchi et al. (1989) recognised at least ten recent submarine volcanoes of various dimensions, mostly located along NW-SE regional faults. Some of these volcanoes have erupted during historical times others are covered by undisturbed Pliocene-Quaternary sediments and have been detected by seismic profiles and magnetic survey (Allan and Morelli 1971). 

The Upper Chaudian deposits are the most developed different facies of them are spread over almost the entire Black Sea coast. In the reference section on Cape Chauda they are represented by shallow-water carbonate sediments with abundant fauna consisting of Pliocene relics (Tschaudia tschaudae), Black Sea endemic species (Didacna pseudocrassa, D. olla, and others), and fresh-water elements (Dreissena polymorpha). In other sections of the... 

During the subsequent Miocene-Pliocene and Quaternary periods, the thickness of the sediments increased. 

The series of strata beginning with marine remains are replaced from the second half of the Pliocene onwards by a stratigraphical succession of remains of brackish, freshwater and finally pronouncedly terrestrial sediments. Naturally, because of isolation, the faunas of a sea broken into an increasing number of small lakes are unlikely to be as uniform as those the sediments of extensive seas. Since, as indicated above, it is important to refine the stratigraphy of this period, especially that of the later Pleistocene, it is natural that terrestrial vertebrates (i.e. small vertebrates) showing rapid evolution and varying dominance phases should become the focus of attention. 

There have also been attempts to draw a comparison between the Upper Pliocene and the Mediterranean Astian transgression, since the sediments, several hundred meters in depth in the South of France (sand at Montpellier, clay in the vicinity of Perpignan), yield vertebrate finds every year which can be used for comparison (Kretzoi, 1969, etc., Michaux, in litt.). 

Harris S. E., Mix A. C., and King T. (1997) Biogenic and terrigenous sedimentation at Ceara Rise, western tropical Atlantic, supports Pliocene-Pleistocene deep-water linkage between hemispheres. Proc. ODP Sci. Results 154, 331 -345. 

Within the reddish brown sediments of Bone Chamber (also known as Skeleton Chamber), the bones of extinct marsupials, including Sthenurus sp., have been collected (Fig. 5 A. Tickner, pers. comm.). Sthenurus was a large kangaroo with a time range of Pliocene to Pleistocene (Rich and Thompson, 1982). 

During Pliocene times, the overdeepened Nile Trench was invaded by the sea, which deposited thick beds of montmorillonitic clay interbed-ded with sand, organic rich detritus, and gravel (J-3). Later, during Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene times, the lower Nile Basin was overlain with a series of silt units as sediments were carried from the Upper Nile drainage basin. Some of the overlying silt formations along with the... 

In the Aral basin the upper Pliocene (Akchagylian and Apsheronian) and Quaternary (Holocene) sequences are represented mostly by marine sediments. 

Marine eogenetic magnesite is also known to precipitate in deep-sea sediments. Matsumoto (1992) described rhombic, microcrystalline (2-15 pm) Ca-Mn-Fe rich magnesite and Fe-Mn rich lansfordite (hydrous Mg-carbonate) in Miocene to Pliocene mudstones from ODP Site 799 in the Japan Sea. He concluded that on progressive burial and increase in temperature ( 435 mbsf, T x 43 °C), the metastable lansfordite is transformed into magnesite. 

Matsumoto, R. Matsuda, H. (1987) Occurrence, chemistry and isotopic composition of carbonate concretions in the Miocene to Pliocene siliceous sediments of Aomori, northeastern Japan. J. Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo, 21, 351-377. 

Snorre fault block is complex (Fig. 5). It includes an initial period of subsidence down to a depth of about 1500-1600 m until the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian-Callovian), followed by a period of uplift and erosion during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. The uplift culminated with a removal of 1200-1500 m of sediments, followed by a second period of subsidence with an onset in Valanginian-Hauterivian. A phase of very rapid subsidence took place during Late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian), and another phase of high subsidence rate started in Pliocene-Pleistocene and is still going on. 

Mg- and Fe-enriched calcites in the lA Pliocene precipitated from 0-depleted fluids. In these cases, the sources of all trace elements are plausibly construed to be materials mobilized from the sediments during diagenesis at low temperature, be-... 

Kukal, Z. Al-Jassim, J. (1971) Sedimentology of Pliocene molasse sediments of the Mesopotamian geosyncline. Sediment. Geol., 5, 57-81. 

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